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Level two – Semester 4 - PharmD      Biochemistry-II PB-403 (Practical course)     2024/2025





                                          Conditions                         Severe vomiting or
                                            in which
                                          body fluids                        Diarrhea.

                         Prerenal  are reduced.                              Hemorrhage and

                                                                             shock.
                    Increased urea level(Hyper-uremia)


                                          All forms of kidney
                                                 diseases.                   Glomerulonephritis.

                           Renal                                             Kidney failure.





                                          Obstruction of urine               Enlargement of
                                                   flow.

                           Post-                                             prostate.
                                                                             Stones in urinary
                           renal
                                                                             tract.





                                                                             High-protein diet.

                                           Increased protein                 GIT bleeding (As

                          Others                   input.
                                                                             blood contains
                                                                             proteins).



                  Decreased urea   level      Input/synthesis:               Advanced liver
                                                                             Low protein diet.

                                                Decreased
                                                                             disease, or urea cycle

                                                                             deficiency.













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