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Environment and Ecology Research 10(2): 209-217, 2022 211

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37 zones in Santiago City (Figure 1). A structured a total water loss of 3,716.43 m per day. These
questionnaire was used in the conduct of key informant unaccounted water losses could potentially supply an
interviews. In addition, a field interview with the additional 4,075 households when optimally used and/or
household and service provider was also administered, regulated.
including field visits. The official water service is only 20 hours/ per day for
the 23 barangays and 14,801 households. There are 4
hours of downtime allotted for water treatment: 2 hours in
3. Results and Discussion the morning and night.
From the total monthly pumped water, there were non-
Water Management Sustainability of Santiago City, revenue water (losses) of 28%, higher than the 20%
Philippines allowed losses set by the Local Water Utility (LWA) and
National Water Resource Board (NWRB) (Website).
Water Production Identified possible causes of loss are due factors such as a)
The Santiago Water District has a combined water physical factors, such as broken pipes, illegal tapping,
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production capacity per month of 404,967 m with an under registry/ Illegal connection, and unauthorized
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average daily production of 13,499 m . However, there connectivity (unmetered/ unbilled); and b) commercial
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were only 293,474 m metered and accounted/billed, while losses such as water meter inaccuracies and data handling
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the remaining 111,493 m is unaccounted for, resulting in errors.

Figure 1. Map of Santiago City, Philippines