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nashi de wa  231



        1.  The compound particle nashi de wa is used to express a conditional "if
           s.t. / s.0. is missing."
        2.  The particle nashi de wa usually appears with a negative predicate. The
           predicate can be implicitly negative as in Ex.(c).
             (1)  a.  *&hfz<ib42TL>1fbb (cf.Ex.(a))
                    -&h7'z<&+C-c'4>Gfbo
                    (Without you I can live a life.)

                 b.  *%a& LTlb?&O+BB;kbO (cf. KS)
                    --%B<&?&O+G&B;k&.
                    (One can get along in society even without real talents.)

      [Related ~xpressions]
        I.  Nashi de wa can be replaced by nashi ni wa in KS and Exs.(a), (b), (d),
           and (e), but not in the other Exs. It seems that N nashi de wa is pre-
                                                                  -
           ferred in a context where N is used as a means of achieving something;  ed
           whereas N nashi ni wa is preferred in a context where the meaning of a
           means of  achieving something is weak. That is why in Exs.(c) and (f)
           the original nashi de wa can hardly be replaced by nashi ni wa; the free
           time is regarded as a means of enriching one's life in Ex.(c) and a car is
           regarded definitely as a means of transportation in Ex.(f). In [I] below,
           the same N "w8puro"  is regarded as a means in [la] and not as such in
           [lbl.
             [I]  a.   7-;PU (<U /?&LC=U) L>V~$%F&~~~L>,
                    (Without a word processor one cannot write a good paper.)
                                             B&V=  8Sii  d./rdc
                 b.   7-;Pu  {≪:ib  /?tb:LTitl  X$W%C&4Rb;kts~>.
                    (One  cannot  think  of  writing  activities  without  a  word
                    processor.)
        11.  The adverbial phrase - nashi de wa can be rephrased by - ga nakereba
           or by - ga i-nakereba. Thus, for example, KS and Ex.(a) can be rewrit-
           ten into [2] and [3], respectively, without changing their basic meaning.
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