Page 32 - Makino,Tsutusi.DictionaryOfIntermediateJGrammar

SPECIAL TOPICS IN INTERMEDIATE JAPANESE GRAMMAR
(Cherry blossoms are the symbol of Japan. They (lit. These flowers)
are loved by everyone.)

Additional examples of direct anaphora can be seen in (8) and (9).
25:' C fib,
7~
@El ~11~8;3'%itaT&j:, LCE%'GL%LO&&@~~O~ 9 - b 1:- k0
(Yamada came to see me yesterday. This guy was one of my class-
mates in my high school days.)

(I heard Kazuhito Yamashita play guitar (lit. Kazuhito Yamashita's
guitar). This genius guitarist won three international competitions in
Europe when he was sixteen.)

Semi-direct anaphora
In semi-direct anaphora, an anaphoric noun refers to part (or an element) of its
antecedent's referent. For example, in (lo), the yuka 'floor' in the second sen-
tence refers to the floor of the apartment mentioned in the first sentence. In
this case, the anaphor does not require a demonstrative adjective.
** ST
at=&
E
(10) @EI sx b 'JO~I~- ~~tj:~ LLQK+,-;, f:;3'~1~\7/\"-- b
723 ?zo
(Yesterday I saw an apartment in Boston. Although there were some
scratches on the floor, it was a good apartment.)

Indirect anaphora
In indirect anaphora, there is no explicit antecedent. The referent of an
anaphor is inferred from a previous sentence(s). For example, in (ll), the
gen'in 'cause' in the second sentence does not refer to anything which is
directly mentioned in the first sentence. Rather, it refers to something which is
inferred from that sentence. In this case, the anaphor does not require a
demonstrative adjective.

(11) @&+y'=i' ,,, y&P&$Jp& j:, gg;3'+~~&qk>~
(Yesterday there was a fire at an elementary school in Kobe. The
police are investigating the cause now.)