Page 30 - Makino,Tsutusi.DictionaryOfIntermediateJGrammar

SPECIAL TOPICS IN INTERMEDIATE JAPANESE GRAMMAR
B. Repeated Nouns
An anaphoric noun is, in many instances, a repetition of its antecedent.
Proper nouns
If an antecedent is a proper noun, the most direct way to refer to the same
entity in a later sentence is to repeat the same proper noun. For example, in
(I), Seibei is repeated in the second sentence.
Common nouns
When an antecedent is a common noun, the same noun may appear as an
anaphor in certain situations. For example, if an antecedent refers to generic
entities, the same noun can be repeated with no modifier (e.g., hy6tan 'gourds'
in the second and third sentences in (1)). If an antecedent refers to a specific
entity, on the other hand, the same noun may appear in later sentences either
with or without a demonstrative adjective (i.e., sono 'thatlthe' or kono 'this').
A demonstrative adjective is necessary if the referent would be otherwise inter-
preted as non-anaphoric because of a lack of sufficient context to interpret it as
anaphoric. For example, in (3) the apato 'apartment' in the second sentence
does not refer to the same apartment mentioned in the first sentence, while in
(4) sono apeto 'that apartment' does refer to the same apartment mentioned in
the first sentence.

(3) i$"d $2 1. '~a)71t- b gjk, .j 3 +,$$PJ~- b gwf:,
(I saw an apartment in Boston yesterday. John also saw an apartment
today.)
(4) #B$x 1. 'Ja)7/f- b %Rf;, '9 a 'J &+B +oY/f- b ewf;,
(I saw an apartment in Boston yesterday. John also saw that apartment
today .)
on
In (3, the other hand, there is sufficient context to interpret the kozukai
'janitor' in the second sentence as anaphoric; therefore, no demonstrative
adjective is necessary.
PriVL
(5) s T, R R WS~R$\L;& 9 Ew~;B~&~LT;~~TT it L j
,
:

t:, &Tl dr 5 C %&Q~:%@,~);\%~:F~T'T~IZ~ d\@i&??hQ
' PL - * liL5
2
&3 T%3T, < ~~3f:x:S &%a)%~a)@+$kj'Tkb~f~~