Page 31 - Makino,Tsutusi.DictionaryOfIntermediateJGrammar

SPECIAL TOPICS IN INTERMEDIATE JAPANESE GRAMMAR
(&BE% r%BAt%fJ)
(Later, the teacher gave the gourd he had taken from Seibei to an old
janitor as if it was a filthy object. The janitor took it home and hung it
on a pillar in his small dingy room. (Shiga Naoya: Seibei and the
Gourds))

When reference is made in a later paragraph, the anaphoric noun often
appears with a relative clause which reiterates identifying information about
the referent mentioned earlier. For example, in the story of Cinderella, one of
Cinderella's shoes comes off when she runs down the stairs of the palace to
hurry home. When this shoe is referred to in a later paragraph, the reference
could look like (6).
(6) ~>~F'I/S&&&~ ~~&~kG%Birrd.l) K, %##I~'J~TL
4 %gS-&5 Lfz,
(Using the shoe Cinderella lost on the stairs as a clue, the prince had
his men look for her.)
C, Related Nouns

Anaphoric reference often occurs with nouns (or noun phrases) which are not
the same as but are related to their antecedents. There are three situations in
which "related nouns" appear as anaphors:

(a) Situations where an anaphor and its antecedent refer to the same entity
(direct anaphora);
6) Situations where an anaphor refers to part of its antecedent's referent
(semi-direct anaphora); and
(c) Situations where an anaphor refers to an entity inferred from previous
context (indirect anaphora).

Direct anaphora
In direct anaphora, reference can be made by nouns which refer to larger cate-
gories than their antecedents refer to. For example, in (7) the hana 'flower' in
the second sentence refers to the sakura 'cherry (blossoms)' in the first sen-
tence. In this case, a demonstrative adjective is mandatory.