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Modern Geomatics Technologies and Applications

diagrams depict changes over time of scalar quantities in which time is recorded along ordinate or y-axis and longitude or latitude
on the abscissa or x-axis. Then the contour values of a named physical field may be presented through colour or shading [36].

4. Results and Discussions

4.1. Results of Descriptive Analyses

General trend in average of congestion over whole study area within 15-min intervals on weekdays (average of all
weekdays within time study) and weekends (average of all weekends within time study) have been illustrated in Fig.1 and Fig.2
respectively. Accordingly, the trend of congestion in three separate areas including CCZ, AQCZ and outside of both zones
indicates two distinct period of morning and evening peaks. However, the traffic congestion in the mid-day also shows
considerable values, with an increasing upward trend from the morning peak.
As can be seen in Fig.2, the average of congestion is higher within CCZ in comparison with two other areas from the
early hours of the morning peak (7:00 am) to late evening peak, however; average of congestion within all three zones gradually
starts to fall in the last hours of evening peak. Continuity of traffic congestion on working days for three zones indicates a
significant difference between morning and evening peak which is due to the difference in type and purpose of trips made in
these two periods. During morning peaks, most trips are made with the purpose of work and education and the simultaneous start
time of administrations, offices and educational centres leads to increase traffic congestion. During evening peak, the traffic
congestion starts to increase at 15:30-16:00 which corresponds to the office closing time but the increasing pattern still goes on
until 22:00 which can be due to personal trips. Comparing the average of congestion within CCZ, AQCZ and outside indicates
that during the worst condition (evening peak) the average of traffic congestion within CCZ is higher compared to the other two
zones.
The trend of average changes in traffic congestion on weekends shows a different pattern (Fig.2). Unlike weekdays, no
specific morning-peak can be identified due to the elimination of most work and education trips. Furthermore, traffic congestion
increase in the morning with a relatively smoother trend than on weekdays. Also, the slighter slope of the increase in traffic
congestion in the evening is detected compared to weekdays.

0.6
Average of Congestion 0.4
0.5

0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Hour

Average of Congestion within CCZ Average of Congestion within PCZ
Average of Congestion out of PCZ

Fig.1. trend of the average of congestion during the time of study on weekdays

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