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Chapter 6: Traction and External Fixation

Introduction to Traction and External Fixation

Traction and external fixation are essential orthopaedic techniques used to stabilize fractures,
correct deformities, and promote proper healing in musculoskeletal injuries. These interventions
provide critical mechanical support, ensuring optimal alignment while minimizing movement at
the injury site. Understanding the principles, application, and maintenance of these methods is
essential for orthopaedic technologists who assist in their implementation and ongoing patient
care.

Traction is classified into skin traction and skeletal traction, each serving a specific purpose
depending on the type and severity of the injury. External fixation, on the other hand, involves
the use of external frames and pins to provide structural stability for fractures and other
orthopaedic conditions requiring prolonged immobilization. Both techniques require careful
monitoring and maintenance to prevent complications such as infection, pressure ulcers, and
neurovascular compromise.

This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of the principles of traction, application and
maintenance techniques, external fixation devices, patient care considerations, and strategies for
managing complications associated with these orthopaedic interventions.

Principles of Traction (Skin vs. Skeletal)

1. Definition and Purpose of Traction

Traction is a therapeutic technique used to apply a pulling force to an injured limb to:

• Reduce fractures and dislocations
• Maintain proper alignment during healing
• Relieve muscle spasms and pain
• Prevent joint contractures

Traction can be classified into skin traction and skeletal traction, depending on the method of
force application.

2. Skin Traction

• Definition: Involves applying force to the limb using adhesive strips, foam boots, or
traction tape secured to the skin.
• Indications:
o Temporary stabilization of fractures (e.g., hip fractures before surgery)