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Notes traditionally said to be painted in the Song dynasty, its dating
The work described in this chapter was substantially remains debatable, with a scholar dating it to the early Ming
supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of period. See Gyss-Vermande 1991, 101. For the appearance of
thunder marshals in Song and Yuan literary works, see Nikaidō
the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China Yoshihiro 2007.
(Project no. CUHK 451513). 20 For details of this edition, see Hsieh Tsung-hui 2013, 22–5. I am
indebted to Hsieh Tsung-hui for providing me with the images.
1 Chan 1997, 94–106; Chao Shin-yi 2011, 97, 108. 21 Schipper and Verellen 2004, 1096–7.
2 Naquin 2000, 120; Mote and Twitchett 1988, 209, 237. 22 The Four Saints are a group of Daoist spiritual guardians that
3 Wang Zilin 2007, 144–75. The journal Forbidden City recently appeared in the Northern Song period. Davis 2001, 74–9; Chao
published a special issue (vol. 244) on the Hall of Imperial Peace, Shin-yi 2011, 25–7. However Yisheng 翊聖, originally one of the
which includes some of the latest studies on its artefacts; Wang four guardians, was often replaced by ‘Leizu’ in the Ming period.
Zilin 2015. 23 Within the limits of this chapter it is impossible to detail the
4 I am deeply indebted to Wang Zilin and Luo Wenhua, researchers iconographic features of each thunder marshal. For their
at the Palace Museum, Beijing, and Xu Xiaodong, Associate iconography, see the Daoist Iconography Project: http://manoa.
Director of the Art Museum, The Chinese University of Hong hawaii.edu/daoist–iconography/identify.html.
Kong, for their help in arranging my visit to the Hall of Imperial 24 Schipper and Verellen 2004, 1092–3.
Peace in the summer of 2014. 25 Wan Chui-ki 2010, 155, 168.
5 Tao Jin 2015, 70. 26 Miura 2005.
6 Zhu Saihong 2013, 736, 770, 802, 826, 852, 874, 912. 27 Andersen 2011.
7 Andersen 1996; Hymes 2002; Davis 2001; Li Zhihong 2011; 28 Andersen 2012.
Meulenbeld 2007; 2015. 29 DZ 222, juan 1, 140–2. Chao Shin-yi 2011, 67–9, 76–7. All works
8 Meulenbeld 2015, 101. from the Ming Daozang (Daoist Canon) are indicated by the
9 Meulenbeld 2015, 102. abbreviation DZ with pagination cited according to the 1988
10 Meulenbeld 2015, 121. edition.
11 Meulenbeld 2015, 124–5. 30 Meulenbeld 2007, 2–43.
12 Meulenbeld 2015, 132–4. 31 The colourfully painted edition of the Collected Glosses, dated 1527,
13 Giuffrida 2008, 123–32. One of the two Gazetteers was compiled now in the Tenri Central Library (call no: 126–i3), is one of the best
by Ren Ziyuan 任自桓 (1350?–1431) in 1431 and updated by others examples that show the powerful images of the thunder marshals.
in 1491 and 1494 to include material down to the Hongzhi reign. 32 Tian Rucheng 1958, juan 4, 44.
See Yang Lizhi 1999, 5–236. The other was a 17-juan work compiled 33 Zhou’s biography is summarised in Ding Huang 1989; Meulenbeld
by Wang Zuo王佐 in 1556 and updated by others in 1562 and 1583. 2007, 221–2.
As Giuffrida has noted, the list she compiled excludes the Yongle 34 Meudenbeld 2007, 223.
emperor’s initial ‘investment’ to build and refurbish temples on 35 Xuantian jiao dushu 玄天醮都疏 (Documents for the Dark Heaven Offering)
Mount Wudang. in Zhou Side 1992, juan 35, 463–4.
14 Hubei sheng bowuguan 2012, 145. 36 Zhou Side 1992, juan 35, 464.
15 Wang Zilin 2007, 146. 37 Yang Lizhi 1999, 74, 287.
16 Giuffrida 2008, 129. 38 Zhou Side 1992, 1.
17 Yang Lizhi 1999, 45–6, 286. 39 See Wang 2012, 68. For an introduction to the Daoist life of Zhu
18 Yang Lizhi 1999, 45–6, 286. Quan, see xi–xix.
19 For a study of this edition, see Wan forthcoming. Although Chao 40 DZ 1483, juan 1, 357. For an introduction to this work, see Schipper
Shin-yi has shown that ‘by the end of the twelfth century, the and Verellen 2004, 947–8.
Thunder Rites had become a generic practice that was accepted by 41 DZ 1483, juan 5, 404.
every major school, new or old, of Daoism’ (Chao Shin-yi 2011, 52), 42 Chia 2006, 30; Wang 2012, 81.
there is little trace of thunder marshals in extant pictorial 43 Chen Guofu 1975, 179.
representations of the Daoist pantheon, such as temple murals and 44 Delacour 2010, 167.
scripture frontispieces, from the Song and Yuan period. Album of 45 Chen Guofu 1975, 178.
Daoist and Buddhist Themes (Daozi mopu 道子墨寶) in the collection of 46 Wan 2015.
the Cleveland Museum of Art is a rare example with the depiction 47 Seaman 1987.
of 30-odd thunder marshals. However, although the album was

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