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collected by later readers and collectors of books and artifacts. We know that it was
written after the third year of Daoguang emperor’s reign (1824) since the author mentions
this date as being a day he bought ten pieces of antique porcelain. Ban chizi, Cilun in
Sang Xingzhi et al. (Shanghai, 1993), 84.

40
Ban chizi, Cilun in Sang Xingzhi et al. (1993).

41
G..W. Hegel, The Philosophy of History (New York: Dover, 1956). The foil for the
concrete national form for Hegel was of course, art, which was for him always a thing of
the past.

42
Yuko Kikuchi, Japanese Modernization and Mingei Theory: Cultural Nationalism and
Oriental Orientalism (London: Routledge Curzon, 2004), 80-82; Satō Dōshin, "Nihon
bijutsu" tanjō: Kindai Nihon no "kotoba" to senryaku [The Birth of “Japanese Art:
Modern Japanese “expressions” and tactics] (Tōkyō: Kōdansha, 1996).

43
Tony Bennett, Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics (London: Routledge,
1995); see especially the article by Timothy Mitchell, “Orientalism and the Exhibitionary
Order.” Craig Clunas discusses the British fetish with Qianlong in relation to British
nostalgia for the decline of the British empire in the 1930s in “China in Britain: The
Imperial Collections,” both in Grasping the World: The Idea of a Museum, eds. Donald
Preziosi and Claire Farago (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004).

44 The objects and location comprising the South Kensington Museum were first
displayed at the 1852 Great Exhibition, held at the site that was to become the South
Kensington Museum, renamed Victoria and Albert Museum in 1898. See Nick Pearce,
“Collecting, Connoisseurship, and Commerce: An Examination of the Life and Career
Stephen Wootton Bushell (1844-1908),” Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society 69
(2007): 17-24.

45 Stephen W. Bushell, Oriental Ceramic Art (New York: D. Appleton and Company,
1896), Introduction, p.1.

46 See the second version published in New York by D. Appleton and company, Stephen
st
Bushell, Oriental Ceramic Art (New York: D. Appleton Co., 1899[1896 1 ed.]). The
size of the second edition is smaller in size. The book was published in 1981, attesting to
the book’s twentieth-century significance for art history students, teachers, and ceramics
scholars: Stephen Bushell, Oriental Ceramic Art (New York: Crown Publishers, 1981).

47 See for example the bibliographic references in Appendix IV in A.W. Brankston’s
Early Ming Wares of Chingtechen which was first published by the North China Daily
News in Shanghai. Later it was also published by the Oriental Ceramic Society, on
December 14, 1938, in conjunction with his work on planning the International