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重開新風 再塑莊嚴 —
清初紮什倫布寺風格銅鍍金三世達賴喇嘛像欣賞
黃春和
首都博物館研究員
在西藏佛教藝術史上，每一個時代都有其獨特的藝術流派與 A NEW SPRING OF
藝術地位。清代西藏佛教藝術在繼承前代藝術的基礎上，繼
續朝著民族化方向發展，形成了以高度寫實為主流的藝術風 SPIRITUALITY
尚和流派，開創了一個充滿現實主義藝術氣息的全新時代，
為趨於衰微的西藏佛像藝術書寫了濃墨重彩的一筆，成為西 Huang Chunhe
藏佛教藝術史上的最後絕響。這一寫實風尚流行普遍，影響 Researcher at Capital Museum, Beijing
深廣，其中在佛教造像和繪畫上的表現尤其突出。此次香港
佳士得推出了這尊銅鍍金三世達賴喇嘛像就是這一寫實風格
的典型代表作品。 Each era within Tibetan art history has its own distinctive
zeitgeist. During the Qing dynasty, Tibetan Buddhist art
此像頭頂無髮，現莊嚴僧相。面形長圓，額部高凸，額前及 integrated previous artistic traditions into a new style which
兩鬢刻出彎曲和對稱的髮際線，將頭面分隔清晰；眉弓隆起， became highly realistic and influential. The gilt-bronze figure
眼窩微陷，雙目睜視前方，目光炯炯有神。鼻樑短小，雙唇 of 3rd Dalai Lama is a paragon of such inimitable style.
微啟含笑，慈容現於滿面。雙耳齊垂，耳輪分明。所有這些 The spiritual aura radiating from the figure is rendered
特徵皆一絲不苟地刻劃出來，極盡寫實之能事。上身著交領 dynamically by the skillful craftsmanship. The bronze body
式僧坎（僧祇支），外披袒右肩袈裟，下身著僧裙。衣褶大 is covered in remarkably thick gilding with its base securely
起大落，流暢優美，既顯飄逸自然，又不失嚴謹規範，展現 sealed and finely carved with an impressive double-vajra.
了極高的寫實水準。寬大的衣緣上鏨刻繁密的花卉紋飾，頗 His facial expression conveys tenderness and serenity that
顯精緻華麗。結跏端坐於蓮花寶座上，左手置胸前結說法印， allow the viewers to immerse themselves in its contemplative
右手自然下垂置右膝上。蓮座為半月形雙層束腰式，上下邊 presence.
緣各飾一周連珠紋，蓮瓣飽滿細長，形同明代樣式，在寬大 The inscription on the back of the lotus base confirms the
蓮葉托護下，上下對稱分佈，看上去秀美齊整。蓮座後部底 identity of this figure to be 3rd Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso
沿上刻有藏文銘文，漢譯為「頂禮傑旺塘欽巴阿格旺秋索南 (1543-1588), who was born in the twenty-second year of the
嘉措貝桑波」，由此而知此像表現的是格魯派達賴喇嘛世系 Jiajing Period (1543). He entered the Drepung Monastery
at the age of four and received the Shramanera precepts
中第三世達賴喇嘛索南嘉措。整體以紅銅鑄造，表面鍍金純 when he was seven. Three years later he was appointed
厚，金色燦爛悅目；底部保存有完好的裝藏，封底板密封嚴實， as the 12th Tripa of Drepung and became the 13th Tripa of
使其繼續保持著宗教神性與加持力量，其上所刻十字杵幾乎 Sera Monastery. In May 1578, he met Altan Khan in Qinghai
占滿底板，圖形圓大，刻劃精緻細膩。通觀全像，可謂造型 province and became the first person to be bestowed with the
完美，形象生動，技藝高超，品相一流，既充分展現了一代 title ‘Dalai Lama’. In the ensuing 34 years, he travelled around
大師的慈容德範和超凡氣質，又生動刻劃出藏族人特有的純 Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan to spread Buddhist teaching
and arrived in Guihua (nowadays Hohhot) in 1586 to preside
真質樸的相貌特徵。 over the funeral of Altan Khan. As one of the most important
figures in spreading Buddhism to Mongolia, he organised
三世達賴，法名索南嘉措（1543-1588 年），明世宗嘉靖 the construction of the Thegchen Chonkhor Monastery and
二十二年（1543 年 ) 出生於拉薩近郊堆壟。4 歲入哲蚌寺， taught Buddhism in Eastern Mongolia in 1587 thus converting
7 歲受沙彌戒，11 歲任哲蚌寺第十二任赤巴，22 歲受比丘戒 more Mongol tribes. In 1587 he was invited to visit the
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