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Generally speaking, the vertical end handling technology is The horizontal transportation equipment inside and outside the yard
only applicable to the automated terminals with import & export is basically operated manually. Although some terminals try the mode
business as the main business and certain requirements on the of allowing unmanned and manned trucks to operate at the same
depth. The horizontal transportation equipment in the yard can time, such mode is still in the trial stage and has not formed a scale
operate automatically at one go, or it can achieve automation effect. The advantages of side handling technology are as follows:
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step by step. Its biggest advantage lies in that it can separate the there are at least 12 stowage locations in only one container area
horizontal transportation equipment of different nature inside and per 100 m coastline, and the number of stowage locations increases
outside the yard by stacking. The number of operation points at geometrically with the depth of the yard, independent of the length
the end of the yard is related to the length of the coastline. On of the shoreline; the horizontal transportation equipment can deliver
average, there are only about 2.5 operation exchange zones the containers to each stowage location in the yard, the operation
per 100 m coastline. The number of working stations at each efficiency can be guaranteed, and the service level of the yard can
exchange zone is related to the yard span. Because the two be improved by increasing the number of RTGs; when RTG runs
RMGs share the same rails, the RMG on one side cannot directly without a container, the power consumption is basically about 2.2
load and unload trucks by bypassing the RMG on the other side. kwh. However, to achieve the automatic horizontal transportation
For both import and export business, regardless of relay operation within the yard on the basis of the existing side handling technology,
or not, the containers on one side of the yard have to be moved there is a threshold: the requirement of horizontal transfer ratio is very
to the other side by RMGs. The movements of containers are high. For example, the transfer ratio in "Guangzhou scheme” built by
completed by high-speed RMG, with average power consumption ZPMC for Guangzhou Nansha Phase IV Automated Terminal is more
of about 5 kwh per container. The operation efficiency of the yard than 80%. It relies on a container area on the land side to physically
entirely depends on the walking distance of RMG, with average separate IGV and external container trucks. The traffic flow of two
efficiency of 13 Moves/H. kinds of horizontal transportation equipment has no intersection in
The side handling technology is widely used in manned terminals the plane, which ensures the safety and operation efficiency to the
or semi-automatic terminal represented by RTG or cantilever RTG. greatest extent. However, for terminals mainly engaged in import &
It has no special requirements for the transfer proportion and depth. export business, if automatic horizontal transportation is achieved
within the yard, there will be a mixed flow with manually driven
container trucks in the yard, which will bring a series of potential safety
hazards. Therefore, the trucks are usually separated by traffic lights
or gate control, but in essence this is to use time to exchange space,
only applicable to the scenario that operation is not busy or no special
requirements for efficiency.
The two handling technologies have their own characteristics and
◎图片说明图片说明 are applicable to different scenarios. In 2013, ZPMC designed China's
first fully automated berth for Xiamen Ocean Gate Terminal and finally
adopted the "end handling" solution by comprehensively considering
reconstruction investment and operation cost, etc. According to the
characteristics of large proportion of import and export business
and a small number of berths, ZPMC, under the condition of not
changing the existing layout, selected the small track gauge RMG. It
can not only adapt to the original tire crane runway beam, save the
reconstruction cost, but also has low energy consumption due to its
◎图片说明图片说明 low self-weight. In the early investment decision-making stage of the

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