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6 Ibid., 49–50.
7 Ibid., 64.
8 Ibid., 219.
9 Ibid., 228. In a related ruling, Miami Herald v. Tornillo (1974), the Supreme Court struck
down a “right of reply” statute, finding that compulsory publication was as much a prior
restraint as prohibiting publication altogether.
10 Ibid., 84–88.
11 Jane Kirtley, “Criminal Defamation: An ‘Instrument of Destruction’” (background paper,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, November 18, 2003).
12 Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), “Publisher and Editor Convicted of Criminal
Defamation,” International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), July 18,
2002, http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/16982.
13 Richard N. Winfield, “An Editorial Controversy Metastasizing: Denmark’s Hate Speech
Laws,” Communications Lawyer 24, no. 1 (Spring 2006).
14 Tedford and Herbeck, Freedom of Speech, 247–48.
15 Ibid., 244.
16 Ibid., 244.
17 The Reporter’s Committee for Freedom of the Press, “Reporter’s
Privilege,” http://www.rcfp.org/privilege/index.html.
18 Ibid.
19 CPJ, “Texas Journalist Released from Jail,” IFEX, January 4,
2002, http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/15393.
20 Tedford and Herbeck, Freedom of Speech, 246.
21 Lawyers Committee for Human Rights (Human Rights First), Assessing the New Normal:
Liberty and Security for the Post–September 11 United States (New York: Lawyers
Committee for Human Rights,
2003).http://www.lchr.org/pubs/descriptions/Assessing/AssessingtheNewNormal.pdf.
22 Douglas McCollam, “The End of Ambiguity,” Columbia Journalism Review (July/August
2006): 23.
23 “A Fixation with Secrecy,” New York Times, August 6, 2006.
24 Laura Parker, Kevin Johnson, and Toni Locy, “Post 9/11, Government Stingy With
Information,” USA Today, May 16,
2002, http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/05/16/secrecy-usatcov.htm.
25 Gabriel Schoenfeld, “Has the ‘New York Times’ Violated the Espionage
Act?” Commentary (March 2006).
26 McCollam, “The End of Ambiguity,” 21.
27 For a complete list of cases, see the timeline compiled by the First Amendment Center,
at http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/about.aspx?id=16896.
28 Reporters Without Borders (RSF), “Television Reporter Fined for Refusing to Reveal His
Sources,” IFEX, April 2, 2004, http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/57917; CPJ,
“Journalist Convicted of Criminal Contempt,” IFEX, November 18,
2004, http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/62652.
29 CPJ, “Judge Jails Freelancer Over Videotape,” IFEX, August 2,
2006, http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/76099; CPJ, “CPJ Concerned by Jail
Sentences Imposed on Two U.S. Reporters,” IFEX, September 22,
2006,http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/77296.
30 &ldquo

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