Page 368 - The Encyclopedia of Taoism v1_A-L

DAOSH U 3 2 9

continue to participate in modern *Quanzhen liturgy, on a basis comparable to
that of men. In modern Zhengyi lineages, however, "hereditary tao-shih (daoshi)
are always men" (Schipper 1993, 58). Also, the sociopolitical marginalization
of Taoism in late imperial times led to a decline in the number of daoshi who
participated in the cultural and intellectual activities of the educated elite. In
Tang times, many daoshi were highly educated, composed a wide range of
scholarly and literary secular and religious works, and were often honored by
rulers and TU 1fffl scholars/ officials alike (Kirkland 1986a). In modern times, the
ideal of daoshi as members of the sociocultural elite endures: "The tao-shih
belong to the lettered class; they are minor notables" (Schipper 1993, 57). But
in fact, since Qing times, truly distinguished "literati" daoshi have been few, for
the antagonism toward Taoism of some imperial regimes, and of Cheng-Zhu
;j'j\ 71\: Neo-Confucians, drove centuries of intellectuals away from the Taoist
priesthood. Further research into the many historical dimensions of the Taoist
priesth?od will help correct lingering misunderstandings.

Russell KIRKLAND
W Asano Haruji 1994; Chen Guofu 1963, 258- 59; Dean 1993; Kohn 1997a; Kohn
2000a; Lagerwey 1987b; Lagerwey 1987C; Lagerwey 1987d; Ozaki Masaharu
1986b; Reiter 1998; Robinet 1990a; Sakai Tadao and Fukui Fumimasa 1983,
20-25; Schipper 1985C; Schipper 1985e; Schipper 1993, 55-60

* daozhang; INITIATION; LU; ORDINATION AND PRIESTHOOD

Daoshu

Pivot of the Dao

The Daoshu is a large compendium of texts dealing with *neidan (inner alchemy)
and *yangsheng (Nourishing Life) theory and techniques, compiled by the
scholar-official Zeng Zao 'i!I t@ (?- 1I55). The author, who came from Jinjiang
~jI (Fujian), was appointed Secretarial Court Gentleman (shangshu lang r~
ill ~~) during the reign of Song Gaozong (r. 1127-62) and served as Compiler
(xiuzhuan f~ nil) of the Imperial Archives. Two years before his death, he
became prefect of Luzhou IHI'I (Jiangxi) and Compiler of the Pavilion for
Aiding Learning (You wen dian ;tJxJ,1!:), a section of the imperial library.
Zeng Zao is mainly known for his literary works. Besides collections of
poetry and lyrics, these include the Leishuo ~~ (Classified Accounts; 1136),
which consists of an anthology of stories, novelettes and excerpts drawn