Page 373 - The Encyclopedia of Taoism v1_A-L

334 THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TAOISM A-L

Monographs). However, it also appears in the *Daozang quejing mulu (Index
of Scriptures Missing from the Taoist Canon) so must have been lost by the
Ming. Chen Guofu located and collected these fragments and published them
as Appendix 7 of his Daozang yuanliu kao (Chen Guofu 1963).
It is in the nature of fragments to be partial and while most of the chapters
of the original are represented in Chen Guofu's compilation, some are not,
and we have no way of ascertaining what the original table of contents looked
like. In addition many of the fragments are notices of just a few sentences.
While some of the biographies concern ancient figures, most of the subjects
lived in the few centuries immediately prior to Ma Shu's own time. Easily the
longest fragment concerns *Lu Xiujing, an entry that has proved important
in piecing together his biography.
Benjamin PENNY

ID Bumbacher 2000a; Bumbacher 2000C (crit. ed. and trans.); Chen Guofu
1963, 239 and 454-504; Eskildsen 1998, 31-42

* HAGIOGRAPHY

daoyin

"guiding and pulling"; gymnastics

"Guiding and pulling" is a set of gymnastic techniques aimed to let *qi properly
circulate, expel pathogenic qi, heal certain diseases, keep old age away, and
nourish life (*yangsheng). They are performed in an upright, sitting, or reclin-
ing position, and can be combined with ingestion of breath (*foqi), abstention
from cereals (*bigu), massage, and visualization.
The term daoyin first occurs in *Zhuangzi 15, which criticizes this type of
exercise (see the entry *tuna). The individuals associated with it (e.g., the two
rain masters *Chisong zi and Ningfeng zi '~' it T ) and especially its relation to
dance suggest that the original purpose of the practice was to expel demonic
influences (see Harper 1985). Gymnastic practices and shamanic dances share
the same animal symbolism: practitioners imitate the crane, snake, swallow,
turtle, stag, dragon, and tiger, all known for their powers against demons or
for their longevity.
Early sources. The earliest descriptions of daoyin techniques appear in a *Mawang-
dui (Hunan) manuscript entitled Daoyin tu W fJ I [®j (Drawings of Daoyin; trans.
J