Page 376 - The Encyclopedia of Taoism v1_A-L

DAOY UAN 337

ment is associated with a type of qi, an agent (see *wuxing), and a climatic
quality.
A particular set of movements is described in Lu Zhigang's ~ ~ fOOJU (Ming)
Jinshen jiyao ~Iil:~ 11 ~ (Essentials of the Process for Obtaining a Smooth
Body). This is divided into three parts. The first consists of twelve "dragon
movements" for women, the second of twelve "tiger movements" for men,
and the third of twelve movements or positions for the "union of dragon and
tiger." The aim of these preliminary exercises for codified sexual union is the
preservation of health.
Catherine DESPEUX

m Oespeux I988, 23- 29, 38-44; Oespeux I989; Harper I985; Harper I998,
I32-35; Hu Fuchen I989, 286-90; Kohn I993b, I4I-48; Li Ling 2000a, 34I-8I;
Maspero I98I, 542-54; Sakade Yoshinobu I980; Sakade Yoshinobu I986b

* yangsheng

daoyuan

Taoist cloister

Daoyuan is both a common term meaning Taoist cloister, and, in an unrelated
sense, the name of a modern sectarian movement. The daoyuan (lit., "cloister
of the Oao") is one of many institutions used by Taoism during its long his-
tory. Unlike the guan Wl (abbey) or the gong '§ (palace), which serve as both
the locus of a cult (sometimes a state-mandated one) and the seat of a clerical
community, the daoyuan focuses mainly on communalllfe. The term may be
used to denote either a small community that has not yet acquired the official
status of guan (thus being similar to a hennitage, an ~ or ~), or a place that
remains largely closed to outsiders to foster its spiritual atmosphere and disci-
pline, very much like a Buddhist chanyuan :f'Ifl ~ (meditation cloister). Moreover,
large institutions, such as the *Shangqing gong (Palace of Highest Clarity) on
Mount Longhu (*Longhu shan,jiangxi), had more than ten different daoyuan,
each with its own rules, lineage, and specialization. In a *Quanzhen context,
the various daoyuan attached to a large monastery would not be used to keep
different traditions separate, but rather to allow small groups of dedicated
ascetics to live away from the noise and agitation of the main residence hall.
Independently of this meaning, Oaoyuan is the name of one of many
sectarian groups that appeared during the late Qing and Republican periods,