Page 375 - The Encyclopedia of Taoism v1_A-L

336 T HE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TAOISM A-L

associated with Indian yoga. Its "Methods of Brahmanic Daoyin" (Poluomen
daoyin fa ~ *i F~ m iJ 11t) are essentially gymnastic movements.

Codification. The trend to codifY sets of movements to be regularly repeated
developed at an early time. The first known set is the Five Animals Pattern
(wuqin xi 1i. $ mt Miura Kunio 1989, 353-55), attributed to Hua Tuo ¥ ~t:
(142- 219) and mentioned in his biography in the Sanguo zhi (History of the
Three Kingdoms; trans. DeWoskin 1983,149). The earliest descriptions of this
set appear in two texts probably dating from the Tang period, the *Yangxing
yanming lu (On Nourishing Inner Nature and Extending Life) and the Taishang
Laojun yangsheng jue )::. ..1 ~;g tf ~ t#c (Instructions on Nourishing Life by
the Most High Lord Lao; CT 821). Later descriptions, which differ from the
earlier ones, are found in the Ming-dynasty *Chifeng sui (Marrow of the Red
Phoenix; trans. Despeux 1988, I03-II), in the Neigong tushuo i*.J Jj] IJ.\iI ~ (Illus-
trated Explanations of Inner Practices) of the late Qing period, and in more
recent works.
Another set of movements, known as the Eight Brocades (baduanjin J\.f&
:t~ ), is outlined in the *Xiuzhen shishu (Ten Books on the Cultivation of Perfec-
tion, 19-4a-5b). A "civil" (wenshi )(;J: ) and a "martial" (wushi lER:Jt) version
are described by Hong Mai #!;~ (II23-1202) in his Yijian zhi ~~;t (Heard
and Written by Yijian). An advanced form of the eight basic exercises resulted
in the Twelve Brocades (shi'er duan jin + =}J[~), described in *Leng Qian's
Xiulingyaozhi {~~~ I§' (Essential Purport of the Cultivation of Longevity),
in Gao Lian's raj 11 (fl. 1573-81; IC 472- 73) Zunsheng bajian lI~J ~ (Eight
Essays on Being in Accord with Life), and in Hu Wenhuan's M)(~ Leixiu
yaojue ~ {~~ t#c (Essential Classified Instructions on Self-Cultivation).
Other methods dating from the Song period associate the daoyin move-
ments with the different periods of the year. The Taichu yuanqi jieyao baosheng
zhi lun *~}]jf;~~~ill:~z~ (Essay on Protecting Life and Joining with
the Essential through the Original Pneuma of the Great Beginning; CT 1477)
describes a method related to the twelve months. Another exercise, attributed
to *Chen Tuan, consists of twenty-four movements corresponding to the
twenty-fourjieqi RP - (energy nodes) of the year. This system is described and
illustrated in the Baosheng xinjian ill:~ {,' ~ (Spiritual Mirror for Protecting
Life; preface dated 1506), a work published by Hu Wenhuan in the Shouyang
congshu •• i'tHl} (Collectanea on Longevity and Nourishment [of Life]; ca.
1596) under the title Taiqing ershisi qi shuihou jusan tu * m' = + [g ~ 7]( j( ~ 'Iij
Ihlil (Charts of the Great Clarity on the Accumulation and Dispersion of Water
and Fire According to the Twenty-Four Pneumas). The twenty-four movements
embody the theory of the "five circulatory phases and six seasonal influences"
(wuyun liuqi 1i.ji'IU\ ~), which was developed during the Song period and
integrated into official medicine after the mid-eleventh century. Each move-