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TIPS
- Narrative verb forms; Past Perfect
• If the order of past events is clear, we don't usually use the
Continuous 4A II p33 Past Perfect: I woke up, got dressed and made some breakfast.
PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS • When we're telling a story, we don't have to use the Past
• We use the Past Simple for completed actions in the past. Perfect every time we refer to something further in the past.
These tell the main events of the story in the order that they When we have established the time, we can use the Past
happened: One day, one of the sailors went for a drive in the Simple or the Past Continuous: I started telling everyone about
outback and accidentally ran over a kangaroo. the wedding I'd been to in Mexico two years earlier. My sister
was getting married and I arrived late for the ceremony. When
• We use the Past Continuous for a longer action that was in
I got there I .. . .
progress when another (shorter) action happened: While the
sailor was taking some photos, the kangaroo came round. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
• We also use the Past Continuous for background information • We make the Past Perfect Simple positive with:
that isn't part of the main story: In 1987 the world's best subject + had or 'd + past participle.
sailors were competing in the America's Cup yacht race off Once he'd bought the cigars he decided to insure them.
the coast of Fremantle.
• We make the Past Perfect Simple negative with:
• Look at this sentence and the diagram: subject + hadn't + past participle.
While the sailor was taking some photos, the kangaroo The accident hadn't killed the animal.
came round.
• We make Past Perfect Simple questions with:
(question word) + had+ subject+ past participle.
was taking photos
What had the insurers failed to do?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
past the sailor the kangaroo the kangaroo NOW future • We make the Past Perfect Continuous positive with:
got out of came round ran away subject + had or 'd + been + verb+ing.
the car www.english0905.com
The woman had been trying to get rid of the bugs for years.
TIPS • We make the Past Perfect Continuous negative with:
• We also use the Past Continuous when two longer actions are subject+ hadn't + been+ verb+ing.
happening at the same time: While I was watching TV, Steve She hadn't been living there for very long.
was making dinner.
• We make Past Perfect Continuous questions with:
• We often use when, while and as with the Past Continuous: (question word) + had+ subject+ been+ verb+ing.
Tony phoned me when/while/as I was getting ready to leave.
Why had he been driving for so long?
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE AND PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
TIPS
• We usually use the Past Perfect Simple for an action that
• We can use by the time, when, because, so, before, after,
was completed before another action in the past: After he
as soon as and until to make sentences with the Past Perfect:
cashed his cheque the insurance company told the police
By the time I got there, most people had gone home.
what had happened.
• We don't have to use the Past Perfect with because, so,
• We usually use the Past Perfect Continuous for a longer
before, after, as soon as or until because the order of events
action that started before another action in the past (and
is usually clear: I (had) called her before I left the office.
often continued up to this past action): A man from North
I waited until everybody (had) arrived.
Carolina had been searching for a special make of cigar
• We often use the Past Perfect after knew, realised, thought,
and eventually he bought a box of 24.
forgot and remembered: I knew that she'd been looking for a
• Look at this sentence and the diagram: He then made a ...
new job. I realised that I'd left my keys in the office.
claim to the insurance company saying he had lost the
cigars in a series of small fires.
past had lost the made a claim NOW future
cigars
