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Language Summary 2 DVD-ROM 2

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m Expressing frequency 2A II p17 m Word building (1): suffixes 2C B p21

lower frequency higher frequency verb noun adjective adverb
•
seldom most days conclude conclusion conclusive conclusively
•
rarely / re;:}lr/ more often than not • criticism -- • •
once in a while most of the time criticise ..._ • critical critically
every now and again critic
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•
•
originality
every so often originate ... original originally
ong1n
TIP • •
re·alism realistic realistically
• We can also say most mornings/days/weekends, etc.: •
reality real really
I go running most mornings. • • •
•
recognise recognition recognisable recognisably
WORD ORDER •
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weaken we·akness weak weakly
• Adverbs of frequency rarely, seldom, frequently, always etc.
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•
•
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usually come before the main verb: We rarely went to bed prefer preference preferable preferably
later than 10 p.m. We seldom watched TV in the evening. judge
judge judgemental judgementally
• All adverbs of frequency come after the verb be: He's rarely judgement
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home before eight. l responsibility responsible responsibly
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• Every so often, once in a while, every now and again, more • • convinced •
•
often than not, most weeks and most of the time can come convince conviction convincing convincingly
at the beginning or the end of the sentence: Most of the time
I'm pretty careful about what I eat = I'm pretty careful about • We can make verbs by adding these suffixes to nouns or
what I eat most of the time. adjectives: -ise, -ate, -en.
• We can make nouns by adding these suffixes to verbs or
m Feelings and opinions 28 D p18 adjectives: -ion, -ism, -ity, -ness, -ence, -ment, -ility.
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• We often use prepositions with adjectives. The most • We can make adjectives by adding these suffixes to verbs
common prepositions for these adjectives are in bold. or nouns: -ive, -al, -ic, -able, -ible, -ed, -ing.
Other prepositions that we can also use for these adjectives • We often make adverbs by adding -/y or -ally to adjectives.
are in brackets.
TIPS
terrified of (by) impressed by (with, at) • Sometimes the verb and the noun are the same, for example,
fascinated by (with) aware of judge, plan, test, need, run, etc.: I plan to go to college next year.
'
excited about (by, at) famous for That's a good plan.
satisfied with (by) fond of
• If an adjective ends in -e, we usually replace -e with -/y to make
shocked by (at) sure about (of)
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disappointed in (by, with) sick of the adverb: responsible-+ responsibly. If an adjective ends in -ic,
we add -ally to make the adverb: realistic-+ realistically.
shocked /fokt/ by/at sth feel surprised and upset by ld;t!V1htm;• -----------------
something very unexpected or unpleasant
•
impressed by/with sb/sth admire somebody or
something because you notice how good, successful, clever, m Present and past habits, repeated
etc. they are
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aware of sth know that something exists, or have knowledge actions and states 2A II p17
or experience of a particular thing PRESENT HABITS, REPEATED ACTIONS AND STATES
fond of sb/sth like somebody or something very much
• We use the Present Simple to talk about present habits,
sick of sth very annoyed at or fed up with something
repeated actions and states: I think I'm pretty healthy and
I just eat what I like.
TIPS
• We must use prepositions with sick of and fond of for the • We often use the Present Continuous with always to talk
meanings above. I'm sick of this weather. The other adjectives about present habits and repeated actions that annoy us or
can be used without a preposition: I was absolutely terrified. happen more than usual: My mom's always complaining
about my diet.
• After prepositions we use a noun, a pronoun or verb+ing.
• We can use will + infinitive to talk about repeated and
typical behaviour in the present: Most mornings I'll have
toast with a lot of peanut butter and jam. We don't usually
use this verb form with state verbs for this meaning .
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