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Hipparchia  tewfiki (Wiltshire, 1949)                            Arabian Grayling                                 Hipparchia pisidice  Klug, 1832                Sinai Grayling



                   Known also as the Arabian Rockbrown, this is a Palaearctic   in “joint (in cop.) flights” (Jem Babbington Birds of Saudi   Flies short distances before resting with wings closed
                   relict, locally common high mountain, hilltopping  Grayling   Arabia web site and pers. comm.). On 25 September   on rocks, rocks with white lichens (Tsuk, 2016), tree
                   of SW Arabia, confined to “very rocky shrub strewn slopes   1982 a female was collected by Pittaway (nectaring?)   trunks and crevices, or on the ground, where H. pisidice
                   with an abundance of grass” (its LHP) (Pittaway, 1985),   on  Dodonaea viscosa  (Sapindaceae), an unrecorded      is well camouflaged due to its light underside colouring.
 #
                   that expanded along western Arabia to NW Hejaz in Tabuk   sticky nectar source, at 14 km N Baha, Asir, Juniper    In the heat of the day, especially in desert areas, adults
                   province where they may overlap with its closest Satyrinae   zone (specimen in coll. Benyamini). Collenette (1985:   congregate in small numbers in shady places among
                   sp. - Hipparchia (Pseudotergumia) pisidice; in May 2001     439) photographed it at 18 km SW of Taif among granite   rocks, holes in trees and cave entrances, remaining on
                   a  male and female  H.  tewfiki  were observed in Gebel   boulders at 5500 ft (1676 m) and described it as: “An   alert and taking to the wing at any movement or rustle. In
                   el Lawz between 1400-1900 m. This is a northwards   erect leafy bushy shrub 1.5 m high faintly aromatic,          the central Negev highland desert in Israel, a gathering
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 7 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Magenta
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 7 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Yellow
                   expansion of about 950 km from its recorded northern   green and purplish flowers 5 mm wide.”                     (lekking) of males in holes of old Pistacia atlantica trees
 #21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 7 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Black
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 7 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Cyan
                   limit at Taif, CW Saudi Arabia (Benyamini & Müller, 2020;                                                         was reported by Kark & Shmidt (1999). Both sexes
                   Pittaway pers. comm.). Larsen (1983: 441) suggested that                                                          aestivate in summer, with females ovipositing after
                   together with three more isolated congeners: H. (P.) wyssi   %LRORJ\                                              mid-August. Adults are occasionally seen nectaring on
                   in the Canary Islands, H. (P.) fidia in NW Africa and the                                                         Limonium pruinosum,  Acacia salicina and  Eucalyptus
                   Iberian Peninsula and H. (P.) pisidice in the Lavant all four   )OLJKW  SHULRG  affected by local climate and is “not   spp. in the central Negev mountains, on  Eryngium
                   are “descendants of a joint ancestor..(that lived)...in North   synchronic throughout its range” (Larsen, 1983): May-  glomeratum, on cultivated  Lantana montevidensis,
                   Africa...back in the Miocene or early Pliocene periods”.   October above 2000 m in SW Arabia, year round except   Myoporum parvifolium var. “Broad”, Pentas lanceolata,
                   The impressive description of the Arabian Grayling by   May, July and September in Yemen; May between             red flowers of Salvia sp., Viola tricolor or puddling and                                 © Yoav Silbert
                   Wiltshire (1949) is based on 54 types and 8 additional   1400-1900 m in Jebel el Lawz, Hejaz, NW Saudi Arabia     are readily attracted to fermenting fruits of e.g. grapes,
                   specimens that were collected in W Aden Protectorate,   (Benyamini & Müller, 2020).                               figs & slices of water melons. On 16 August 2005 at
                   Yemen and Asir in SW Saudi Arabia by: H. St. J. Philby, Dr                                                        Sde-Boker C Negev, Israel, two adults were observed
                   P. W. Petrie, members of the British Museum expedition to   /LIH KLVWRU\  unknown, polyvoltine? early stages should   in pistachio (Pistacia vera) grove on leaves with aphids
                   S-W Arabia (H. Scott & E. B. Britton between Oct. 1937 &   be similar to H. (P.) pisidice.                        (Aphidoidea, Fordinae) possibly sipping their honeydew
                   March 1938) and Middle East Anti-Locust Unit member A.                                                            (Feingold, 2005c). On 27 September 2002 at Beit Arye
                   R. Waterston in August 1944. All specimens were collected   5HFRUGHG KRVWSODQWV  Poaceae (Gramineae) spp.         C Israel, a territorial male intercepted a Pontia daplidice
                   over ca. 2000 m up to 3000+ m. Wiltshire dedicated the                                                            (Pieridae) from its perch in a hollow of a dry stone wall
                   new sp. to Mohammed Tewfik Effendi, its first collector                                                           (Benyamini, 2003f). Adults in cop. are rarely recorded,
                   (a female) on 3rd May 1936 at Gebel Mataran, Yemen.   'LVWULEXWLRQ                                                such was the couple observed on 25 September 2002
                   In addition its male genitalia was compared to H. (P.)                                                            at 12:15 in Beit Arye (320 m) C Israel, where a fresh
                   pisidice from the Sinai Peninsula and Israel (“Palestine”)                                                        male that just stopped its summer aestivation carried a
                   and found “slightly differently shaped valve”. Externally   TL: “Arif, Arabia, 28.xii.36 Leg. H. St. J. Philby”. Yemen   smaller worn female (Benyamini, 2003g).
                   Wiltshire found it “rather smaller” than  pisidice “and   (incl. Aden), 2000-3000+ m:  Jebel Dawran, J. Girwan
                   distinguished...by its larger black oval forewing ocelli,   (Ghaiman 9 miles SE of Sanaa), top of J. Hada 3048
                   narrower male sexual brand, less emarginate hindwing,   m (hilltopping specimen), J. Harir, J. Jelal above Nakil   %LRORJ\
                   less white hindwing fringe, more monotonous underside”   Isla, J. Jihaf, J. Mataran, J Sabr S Taiz & Suk al Khamis.
                   and wings ground colour brown rather than grey/black   SW Saudi Arabia: along the Asir  Juniperus and  Olea       )OLJKW SHULRG  Israel - late May to early November sl-1200
                   in  pisidice. “H. tewfiki.. was the commonest butterfly in   escarpment over 2000 m south of Taif/Al Hada, Abha,   m; Mt Hermon S Anti-Lebanon - observed only twice on
                   the Asir during July, the wettest month of the year. Flew   Arif, 14 km N Baha Juniper zone, Bani Saad 80 km SE   3 October 2013, 1390 m and 8 September 2014, 2000
                   in short bursts very close to the ground in grassy/rocky   Taif, Haq, Hubait, Mibrata, Musaira, Shithath & Suda to   m (both Tsuk, Israeli BMS data bank); Lebanon – July to
                   areas, but spent a great deal of time on the ground   the Yemenite border (Wiltshire, 1949; Larsen 1983: 441;     early September Sl to 850 m (Aley) (Larsen 1974: 133);
                   sunning itself during the brief interludes of sunshine, or   Pittaway, 1985; Jem Babbington (pers. comm.); NHMUK   Syria – dates not specified (Zarikian, 2016); Turkey – no                              © Shalev Weisman
                   absorbing heat from the rocks. Very territorial -- always   & DB collections). Hejaz NW Saudi Arabia: Jebel el Lawz   further data (Karaçetin & Welch, 2011); Jordan – late
                   chasing others of its kind which intruded” (Pittaway pers.   (Benyamini & Müller, 2020).                          May to October from Deir Alla (-220 m, bsl) Jordan Valley,
                   comm.) he also noted that during its main mid-summer                                                              N Mediterranean zone to Jebel Um ad-Dami 1740 m on
                   flight season of 2-3 “overlapping generations” the                                                                the southern border with Saudi Arabia;  S Sinai  massif
                   weather is “cool, cloudy, and wet…when the Asir catches                                                           end of May to mid November 1100–2000+ m, earlier and
                   the edge of the Indian monsoon” and the Juniper zone is                                                           lower in N Sinai (Benyamini, 1984 and pers. obs.);  NW
                   green with permanent foodplant grasses, and added that                                                            Saudi Arabia June (Pittaway, 1985 & Wiltshire, 1986).
                   it is “..not on the wing during mid-winter when there can
                   be frosts and even snow”. It does not behave like other                                                           /LIH  KLVWRU\  univoltine. A one-year complete life cycle
                   Mediterranean  Hipparchia spp., having mid-summer                                                                 was recorded in the wild and in the lab in Israel; early
                   long aestivation period, because “… the high Asir (has                                                            summer 2011 was unusually rich of pisidice in Sde Boker
                   an) added complication...of wet and cool midsummer,                                                               C Negev (475 m); first adults emerged normally on early-
                   which gives this species an extended flight period, i.e.                                                          mid June (16th of June) and by mid-August following
                   2-3 seasons”. More than three decades elapsed before                                                              partial summer aestivation recently mated females
                   the same Asir zone was visited on 9 September 2018 by                                                             started to lay eggs (Evyatar Feingold pers. comm.). On
                   the British birder Jem Babbington at Wadi Grosbeak, near                                                          16 August at 11:45 DB observed a female walking in
                   Bani Saad village, 80 km SE Taif (2087 m GPS reading)                                                             jumps at the bottom of a breeding cage, occasionally
                   where H. tewfiki were flying “in a wadi with dry stone walls                                                      vibrated her wings and stopped to bend her abdomen
                   and rocks but occasional large trees and plants including                                                         and lay an egg on a dry stem of her local preferred
                   juniper and acacia”. Typical Hipparchia’s ground courting                                                         hostplant  Piptatherum miliaceum  (illustr.). One long
                   ritual of the “Arabian Rock Brown” was photographed                                                               stem with nine eggs was taken by DB to Beit Arye C Israel
                   (illustr.), it lasted “more than 30 minutes” and proceeded                            ©  Jem Babbington           (320 m) where breeding proceeded in the lab. Apparently                                     © Ofir Tomer


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           2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   106                                            12/30/2021   4:25:07 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   103                                   12/30/2021   4:24:58 PM
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