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Satyrus makmal  Higgins, 1965            Levantine Sooty Satyr                                            8       Satyrus favonius   Staudinger, 1892               Anatolian Satyr



                   A high altitude species that flies vigorously along cliffs, slopes                                                A very rare species in the Levant, known from a few
                   and mountain tops. Its fluttering flight is unique and is easily                                                  recorded from S Turkey in “Eibes” (Akbes), Hatay province
                   recognizable. Larsen (1974: 136-137) described it precisely                                                       in 1889, and “near Gaziantep” in Gaziantep province
                   as; “tirelessly patrolling…steep hillsides…very difficult to catch                                                (1944 & 1950) (Hesselbarth et al., 1995(2): 888). Local
 #
                   in spite of seemingly relaxed and effortless flight”. Males are                                                   species, adults fly in rocky and dry gorges and ravines.
                   often seen patrolling, but there is no evidence of territorial
                   behaviour as no typical interception flights were observed. In
                   the lab a courting male approached a female flipping its wings                                                    %LRORJ\
                                                                                           DGXOW
                                                                                                                                                                                                            5    6    7

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                   slowly, he hugged her from behind leaving androconial scales   1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12                                                                    DGXOW  1  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1
                                                                                                                                                                                                           HJJ
                                                                                          HJJ
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 8 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Magenta
                                                                                  lar v a
                                                                                                            0
                                                                                                           1
                                                                                                         9
                                                                                                      8
                                                                                                   7
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 8 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Yellow
                                                                                                              1
                   with pheromones, then approached her head to head and                          DGXOW  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12  )OLJKW SHULRG  the Gaziantep records were between July                 lar v a
                                                                                               HJJ
 #21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 8 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Black
                                                                             pupa
                                                                                                                                                                                              pupa
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 8 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Cyan
                                                                                       lar v a
                                                                                  pupa
                   finally aligned along her body for mating. This was too much                                                      and September. Elsewhere known to fly from mid-June
                   for the female that flipped her wings rapidly, falling to the grass                                               till September from 600 m to 3000 m.
                   below to later proceed laying eggs. But the male did not give up
                   and tried again to mate with her while she was laying eggs. In                                                    /LIH KLVWRU\   The egg is pale-grey, relatively large, barrel-
                   the evening the adults hided in the grass 15-20 cm above soil                                                     shape with flat top with 15 bumps. The larva hatches
                   for their overnight sleep (DB breeding notes). Males puddle,                                                      after 3 weeks, it is pale brown-yellow. L1 molts after 2
                   both genders sip nectar from flowers of Centaurea iberica and                                                     weeks, fully grown L2 is 9.5 mm long. L3 is grey with dark
                   Cousinia hermonis.                                                                                                strips. Winter diapause takes place in L2 or L3. The larvae
                   The male is black with one submarginal eyespot, rarely a second                                                   commence feeding the following spring. Pupation takes
                   on the forewing. The female upper-side is brighter brown and                                                      place underground with the pupa in upright position, it
                   its underside a unique yellow – white – brown markings for                                                        is 15 mm long and reddish-yellow. (Hesselbarth  et al.,
                   camouflage among dry grasses; fw yellow postmedian area                                                           1995(2): 887-888).
                   and whitish hw overlaid with brown strips and radial arcs. It
                   has a single eyespot (occasionally two) on the submarginal                                                        5HFRUGHG  KRVWSODQWV  not recorded in the Levant,
                   forewing, sometimes with two white dots between them. This                                                        elsewhere Poa annua - Poaceae (Gramineae).
                   species shows great annual fluctuations in numbers in Mt
                   Hermon; usually uncommon and rather localized and a year
                   later hundreds at the 1850-1900 m lower subalpine altitudinal                                                     'LVWULEXWLRQ
                   belt (Ilias Abai, pers. comm. to DB). Rated (EN) Endangered in
                   the Israeli Red List of butterflies (Renan et al., 2022 (in prep.)).                                              TL: “Manissadjian Ende Juli bei Malaitia in Anzahal”
                                                                                                                                     (Malatya, Turkey). Distributed from SE Turkey to N
                   %LRORJ\                                                                                                           Iraq, N and W Iran. S Turkey’s species belongs to the
                                                                                                                                     nominotypical ssp.
                   )OLJKW SHULRG  Early June to early August 1500-2800 m in Mt
                   Hermon  S. Anti-Lebanon; mid-June through July and “stragglers”
                   till late August in the Cedar Mt, ca two weeks earlier in the
                   Anti-Lebanon as S. ferula makmal in Larsen (1974: 136-137);
                   2029-2602 m at the peak of Al-Lazzab reserve Syrian Anti-
                   Lebanon as S. amasinus (Zarikian & Ghrejyan, 2018).
                                                                                                            © Dubi Benyamini
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            © Wolfgang Eckweiler
                   /LIH KLVWRU\  univoltine. In captivity a female laid 36 eggs, 24 on
                   the cage wall next to dry grass stalks suggesting that in the wild
                   many eggs are laid on objects close to LHPs, 12 eggs were laid
                   on dry grasses. The egg is 1.2 mm long and 0.9 mm wide, white
                   and glossy, barrel shaped with 10-12 vertical ribs on ca 90%   © Dubi Benyamini  © Dubi Benyamini  © Dubi Benyamini
                   of its upper side. Eggs laid on 18/06/2013 started to hatch 5
                   month later, after wetting, on 14/11/2013. The larva gnawed a
                   series of holes around the periphery of the eggshell top before
                   lifting the “cap” to hatch. 50% of the eggshell is sometimes                                                                                                                                              © Dubi Benyamini
                   consumed after hatching. The L1 is smooth, pale brown-white,
                   with two darker broken mid-dorsal lines and two broken lines
                   along the sides of the body. The head is of a slightly darker     © Dubi Benyamini       © Dubi Benyamini
                   colour than the body with a few darker spots. Overwintering in
                   the larval stage.
                                                                                                                                                                                                               © Dubi Benyamini
                   5HFRUGHG   KRVWSODQWV   Poaceae  (Gramineae):  Bromus
                   tomentellus [?], Dactylis glomerata [?] and Elymus panormitanus
                   [?]. Reared larvae accepted Poa and Piptatherum spp.
                   'LVWULEXWLRQ
                   TL: “Lebanon, Cedar Mt.”. The species is endemic to the
                   Lebanon (Cedar) and Anti-Lebanon Mountains. Flies in
                   Lebanon, Syria and Israel (Mt. Hermon).                           © Dubi Benyamini         © Stav Talal                                                     © Ali Atahan                                 © Wolfgang Eckweiler
              120                                                                                                                                                                                                                        121
           2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   120                                            12/30/2021   4:25:51 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   121                                   12/30/2021   4:25:54 PM
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