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Argynnis paphia (Linnaeus, 1758) Silver-washed Fritillary
A common species in the Amanos Mt, Hatay, N Levant,
where it prefers open woodland biotopes. Resembles A.
pandora, but with slightly smaller wingspan, much reduced
greenish hue and absence of red on the forewing underside.
#
Male upper side is a rich orange-brown with pronounced
sex-brands on V1-4. Female upper side is a less vibrant
orange and with more extensive black markings. Hindwing
undersides of both sexes have characteristic silver lines with
diffuse edging. “Adults of both sexes spend long periods on
21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 9 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Magenta
21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 9 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Yellow
treetops drinking aphid honeydew” (Thomas & Lewington,
#21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 9 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Black
21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 9 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Cyan
2014: 216). Adult roosts overnight at trees’ canopy. Males
are territorial along glades, forest trails and hedgerows where
they patrol in search of females. Courtship starts when male
approaches the female, if the female is receptive she will
signal with a scent from the tip of her abdomen and the
FRXSOH ZLOO WDNH RII WR D PDLGHQ ÁLJKW ZLWK ´EHDXWLIXO ORRSLQJ
PDOH FRXUWVKLS ÁLJKWµ $IWHU ODQGLQJ WKH PDOH IDFLQJ WKH
female vibrates its wings, bow and huge to make contact
of its FW androconia patches with the females’ antennae.
In cop. mating pair usually settle in a tree, male carries the
female, it usually takes place in mid-day. Adults live a few
weeks (Thomas & Lewington, 2014: 216-220; Lafranchis et
al., 2015: 512-513).
%LRORJ\
)OLJKW SHULRG June to September or early October in one
prolonged brood, at 300-1900 m (Atahan et al., 2018: 50).
/LIH KLVWRU\ HOVHZKHUH univoltine. Females walk on the
ground in search for LHP, eggs are laid singly, or a few together
on the ground, on Viola leaves, rocks, crevices in tree trunks
up to six metres above ground. The cone-like egg is 1 mm in
height, whitish-green with an average of 25 longitudinal ribs,
tapering upwards to the micropyle, its top turns black before
eclosion. L1 emerges after 2-4 weeks, is 2.2 mm long, light-
brown and covered in hairs. After consuming the eggshell,
it spins a pad of silk and immediately starts over-wintering
diapause. Feeding recommences in spring, on young leaves
of a nearby hostplant, it feeds at night and spend the day
hidden in leaf litter. Searching for a new LHP, it may travel
several meters from its day shelter. If the larva is disturbed
while feeding it drops to the ground. The mature larva is 38
mm long, brown with two prominent yellow dorsal lines along
the entire body that is covered with long spines. Mature larva
climbs 1-2 m up a tree for pupation. The light brown pupa
usually hangs from the tree trunk, branch or a leaf. Adult
ecloses after 2-5 weeks. (Thomas & Lewington, 2014: 216-
120; Lafranchis et al., 2015: 512-513).
5HFRUGHG KRVWSODQWV Violaceae – Viola spp. $EEHUDQW PDOH
'LVWULEXWLRQ
TL: Sweden. A widespread species found throughout much
of Europe. One ssp. in N Levant: A. p. delila Röber, 1896.
TL: Gülek, Mersin, Turkey. Distributed in S Turkey, Syria?
and Lebanon (“very rarely”, Mérit & Mérit, 2008; Mérit pers.
comm.). Zarikian (2016) and Zarikian & Ghrejyan (2018) did
not list it for Syria which is possibly too dry for the species.
140
2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd 140
Brenthis daphne ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) arbled Fritillary
A rare species in the Levant (Atahan et al., 2018: 60),
medium-sized fritillary having a distinctive purplish
sheen on the postdiscal and submarginal areas of the
hindwing underside. Associated with flowery clearings
or margins in damp woodland hosting bramble (Rubus
spp.). The somewhat similar although smaller B. ino is
not found in the Levant region of Turkey, but is known
from the northeast of that country. Adults tend to be local
6
and usually found in the vicinity of the larval hostplant. DGXOW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
HJJ
lar v a
pupa
%LRORJ\
)OLJKW SHULRG June to July or later, depending on location
and altitude; 1600-1900 m in Hatay (Atahan et al., 2018:
60).
/LIH KLVWRU\ HOVHZKHUH univoltine in Europe. Female
lays 120-160 eggs that are laid singly on both sides
© Dubi Benyamini of leaves or sepals of the hostplant. The eggs are pale
yellow when laid, turn pink, and grey before hatching.
Dry leaves bearing egg fall to the ground where L1
emerges. Larvae overwinter until next spring as a fully
developed larvae inside the eggs, or emerge after two
weeks, and hibernate as young larva, depend on local
climate. After hatching L1 eats the eggshell as its first
meal. The mature L5 larva is light brown with orange
branched spines, wide white longitudinal side-bands
and a white dorsal stripe. The pale buff-coloured pupa
is decorated with metallic gold spines and is suspended
from the cremaster, attached to a leaf or branch of the
hostplant. Adults eclosed after 10-26 days. (Lafranchis
et al., 2015: 534-535; Warecki, 2010: 92).
5HFRUGHG KRVWSODQWV Rosaceae - Rubus caesius, R.
canescens and R. idaeus (Atahan et al., 2018: 60).
© Adam Warecki
© Eran Benyamini 'LVWULEXWLRQ
TL: of Denis & Schiffermüller’s type (1775) is unknown;
(Bergsträsser, 1780) stated: TL “[Hanau-Munzenberg,
Germany]”. Found sporadically in northern Europe, but © Adam Warecki © Adam Warecki
principally a species of southern Europe, extending
east to Iraq and Iran. Represented in the Levant only in
Turkey, where the nominotypical ssp. flies.
© Dubi Benyamini
© Adam Warecki © Ali Atahan
+DWD\ 'D]GDøL P & $PDQRV 0W
© Dubi Benyamini © Ali Atahan © Adam Warecki
133
12/30/2021 4:26:51 PM 2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd 133 12/30/2021 4:26:28 PM