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Argynnis aglaja  (Linnaeus, 1758)                Dark green fritillary                                   9       Argynnis adippe  (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) High Brown Fritillary



                    A rare species in the Levant, where it prefers mountain                                                          Closely resembles  A.  niobe in size and coloration, but
                    open forests, forest glades and flowery meadows above                                                            male sex-brands on v2 and v3 are more conspicuous                                      ?
                    1600 m (Atahan  et al., 2018: 58). In spite of being a                                                           and the hindwing underside postdiscal ocelli more
                    powerful flying nymphalid, it tends to be local and                                                              extensively encircled in brown. Penetrates N Levant
 #
                    usually does not stray far from its “home” meadow.                                                               where it thrives in the Amanos Mts, (Atahan et al., 2018:
                    Males patrol the area regularly in search of females                                                             55). Prefers open flowery areas along forest clearings
                    resting among the plants, where copulation take place.                                                           and edges, overnight adults roosting at foliage of trees
                    In late afternoon, when males settle to take nectar from                                                         and canopies. Males patrol their habitat regularly in
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                    flowers, the females become active and lay their eggs                          DGXOW  1  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12  search of females, the species tend to be local and                          DGXOW  1  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12
                                                                                                                                                                                                           HJJ
                                                                                          HJJ
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 9 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Magenta
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 9 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Yellow
                    (Thomas & Lewington, 2014: 213-214; Lafranchis et al.,                 lar v a                                   though the adults are strong flyers, they usually don’t                 lar v a
 #21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 9 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Black
                                                                                                                                                                                              pupa
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 9 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Cyan
                                                                             pupa
                    2015: 520-521). Similar in appearance to A. adippe, but                                                          stray far from their “home” area. Flight is swift and
                    male sex brand is less well defined and the hindwing                                                             strong with frequent pauses to nectar, especially from
                    underside of A. aglaja has a green suffusion with large                                                          thistles. “One of our rarest and most rapidly declining
                    silver spots.  A.  a. ottomana is noticeably larger than                                                         species” in England (Thomas & Lewington, 2014: 210;
                    European  A. aglaja, with much individual variation                                                              Lafranchis et al., 2015: 524-525).
                    in female coloration, where dark and light forms exist
                    (Hesselbarth et al., 1995(2): 1077).
                                                                                                                                     %LRORJ\
                    %LRORJ\
                                                                                                                                     )OLJKW SHULRG  June to August, from 800 m to 1850 m in
                    )OLJKW SHULRG  June to August, May and July above 1600                                                           Hatay (Atahan et al., 2018: 55).
                    m in Hatay.
                                                                                                                                     /LIH KLVWRU\ HOVHZKHUH  univoltine. Eggs are laid near the
                    /LIH KLVWRU\ HOVHZKHUH  univoltine. In Europe, up to 100                                                         ground, on dried leaves, twigs or stones in the vicinity
                    eggs are laid singly on the ground, dry plants or LHP                                                            of the LHP, 0.8 mm in height with 14-20 vertical ribs.
                    leaves, sometime several eggs may be deposited on the                                                            Yellowish when laid, turning brown-grey as the larva
                    same area/LHP. Females prefer large patches of LHP                                                               develops. In Europe, the species hibernates as a fully
                    for egg laying. Eggs are yellowish when laid, 1 mm in                                                            formed larva within the egg, emerging in spring to feed
                    height, tapered upwards and have 18-22 vertical ribs.                                                            on the developing leaves of the hostplant. The newly
                    L1 emerges after two to three weeks, eats the eggshell                                                           hatched larva is 2 mm long, light brown, hairy and black
                    and immediately hides in leaf-litter, hibernating until                                                          head. Fully grown larvae is 38 mm long, polymorphic,
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                    following spring, when feeding recommences. It is           A. a. ottomana  (Röber, 1896)6)                      usually has shades of light brown with darker markings
                    2 mm long, light brown, hairy body and a black head.                                                             and a single white dorsal line runs the length of a spiny   A. a. taurica (Staudinger, 1878)
                    Fully grown L5 measures 38 mm, is black with rows of                                                             body. The larval stage (after waking from hibernation)
                    black branched spines, orange-red markings along the                                                             lasts about two weeks. The suspended pupa is brown
                    sides and black head. Between feedings larva retreats                                                            with two rows of metallic spotting and formed within a
                    to a shelter made of loosely joined leaves in leaf-litter, or                                                    loose web of silk. The adult eclosed after 2-4 weeks.
                    under a stone where moulting takes place. When L5 is                                     ©Dubi Benyamini         (Thomas & Lewington, 2014: 210; Lafranchis  et al.,                                      © Dubi Benyamini
                    disturbed it vibrates all its body and moves quickly to the                                                      2015: 524-525).
                    leaf litter. The larval stages last 7-9 weeks. The pupa is
                    formed within a loosely structured cocoon formed of silk                                                         5HFRUGHG KRVWSODQWV  Violaceae –Viola spp.
                    and leaves, within which it hangs using a rear cremaster.
                    When disturbed, the pupa react with vigorous shaking
                    motion. The adult eclosed after 2-4 weeks.                                                                       'LVWULEXWLRQ
                                                                             © Adam Warecki                   © Eddie John                                                                      © Eddie John                    © Eddie John
                    3DUDVLWRLGV  Larvae are attacked by parasitic flies                                                              TL: “Umgebung von Wien” (Vicinity of Vienna, Austria).
                    (Lafranchis et al., 2015: 520-521)                                                                               The species’ distribution ranges across most of Europe
                                                                                                                                     except Arctic regions; from north-western Africa, most
                    5HFRUGHG KRVWSODQWV  Violaceae – Viola spp.                                                                      of the Mediterranean islands to Greece, Turkey and Iran
                                                                                                                                     (unrecorded from Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Cyprus
                                                                                                                                     and Sinai). Reach its southern distribution limit in S
                    'LVWULEXWLRQ                                                                                                     Hatay, S Turkey.
                                                                                                                                     A single subspecies recorded in the Levant -  A. a. taurica
                    TL: Sweden.  A.  aglaja  is widespread from NW Africa     © Eddie John                    © Eddie John           (Staudinger, 1878), TL: Kilikischer Taurus, Turkey.        © Eddie John                   © Eddie John
                    in Morocco across most of Europe, including UK, to
                    temperate Asia and further east. In the Levant, ssp.
                    A.  a.  ottomana (Röber, 1896), TL: “Karli Boghas”
                    (Surroundings of Gülek), is confined to south central /
                    western areas of Turkey, incl. Hatay (Atahan et al., 2018:
                    58 & DB pers. comm.)
                                                                              © Eddie John                     © Ali Atahan                                                                     © 2ÀU 7RPHU                    © Mehmet Gül
              136                                                                                                                                                                                                                        137
           2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   136                                            12/30/2021   4:26:40 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   137                                   12/30/2021   4:26:43 PM
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