Page 185 - Binder2

active in protein synthesis, offers high gene copy
numbers per cell, and is maternally inherited (which
reduces the risk of gene escape via pollen).
Chloroplasts also allow for expression without gene
silencing, leading to high and stable protein
yields.
• Nuclear transformation – In seed-based crops like
Oryza sativa (rice), the gene is integrated into the
nuclear DNA. Seeds provide natural protein
stability and long-term storage, making them ideal
for therapies where ambient shelf life and global
distribution are priorities.
• Aquatic plant transformation – In fast-growing
plants like duckweed (Lemna or Wolffia species),
both nuclear and plastid transformation are possible.
Duckweed's high protein content and rapid
replication cycle make it an attractive host for
therapies that require fast and scalable output.

Gene insertion is typically achieved through biolistic
delivery (gene gun) or Agrobacterium-mediated
transformation—both standard tools in plant genetic
engineering. Once incorporated, the gene is placed under
the control of strong plant promoters to ensure robust
expression of the therapeutic protein.

Step 2: Cultivation in Controlled Environments

After transformation, the engineered plants are cultivated in
controlled growth systems:

• Hydroponic tanks for lettuce and duckweed
• Greenhouses with regulated temperature and light

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