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√«¡º≈ß“π∑“ß«‘™“°“√¢Õß»“ μ√“®“√¬å∏“π‘π∑√å °√—¬«‘‡™’¬√ 547

®ÕÀåπ ‚√≈ å (John Rawls) »“ μ√“®“√¬å«‘™“ª√—™≠“™“«Õ‡¡√‘°—π‰¥â„Àâ

§”𑬓¡§”«à“ 秫“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡é ‰«â„π∑”πÕ߇¥’¬«°—π°—∫≈Õ√奇¥ππ‘Ëß·μஓ°Õ’°¡ÿ¡¡Õß
Àπ÷Ëߧ◊Õ:

秫“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡ ‰¥â·°à ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈´÷Ëß¡’‡Àμÿº≈∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë™Õ∫∏√√¡ ∂â“À“°

∫ÿ§§≈‡À≈à“π—ÈπμâÕß«‘π‘®©—¬„π‡√◊ËÕßπ—Èπ ∑—Èßπ’È‚¥¬∑’Ëμπ‡Õ߉¡à¡’∑“ß≈à«ß√Ÿâ‡≈¬«à“μπ‡Õß®–¡’

à«π‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫‡√◊ËÕßπ—ÈπÕ¬à“߉√∫â“ßé (Justice ...is... what rational people would
regard as fair, if they had to decide that question with no knowledge
(ÒÚ)
whatever of what their position would be.)

®“°§”𑬓¡¢Õß≈Õ√奇¥ππ‘Ëß·≈–»“ μ√“®“√¬å®ÕÀåπ ‚√≈ å ®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“°“√
∑’Ë®–æ‘®“√≥“«à“‡√◊ËÕß„¥¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡À√◊Õ‰¡à ¡‘§«√®–∂◊Õ‡Õ“§«“¡‡ÀÁπ¢ÕߺŸâ«‘π‘®©—¬À√◊Õ

ºŸâæ‘æ“°…“ºŸâ„¥ºŸâÀπ÷Ë߇ªì𠔧—≠ À“°·μà∂◊Õ‡Õ“§«“¡‡ÀÁπ¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈∏√√¡¥“∑’Ë¡’‡Àμÿº≈
¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ ‡™◊ËÕ«à“‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë™Õ∫∏√√¡ ‡√’¬°‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ¢âÕ∑¥ Õ∫·∫∫

¿“«–«‘ —¬ (objective test) ¡‘„™à·∫∫Õ—μμ«‘ —¬ (subjective test) ´÷Ëß∂◊Õμ“¡§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ
¢ÕߺŸâæ‘æ“°…“À√◊Õªí®‡®°™π§π„¥§πÀπ÷Ë߇ªì𠔧—≠

º¡‡ÀÁπ¥â«¬°—∫«‘∏’°“√æ‘®“√≥“·∫∫¿“«–«‘ —¬π’È ‡æ√“–„π°“√æ‘®“√≥“Õ√√∂§¥’

§«√®–¡’§«“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡‡æ’¬ßÀπ÷Ë߇¥’¬« À“°„™â«‘∏’æ‘®“√≥“«à“ ‘Ëß„¥‡ªìπ∏√√¡μ“¡·∫∫
Õ—μμ«‘ —¬ §«“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡„πÕ√√∂§¥’°Á®–‰¡à·πàπÕπ ·μà®–¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ à«πμ—«

¢ÕߺŸâæ‘æ“°…“∑’Ë∑”°“√æ‘®“√≥“æ‘æ“°…“§¥’π—Èπ·μàÀ“°¬÷¥∂◊Õ«à“®–μâÕßæ‘®“√≥“μ“¡
§«“¡‡ÀÁπ¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈∏√√¡¥“∑’Ë¡’‡Àμÿº≈ §«“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡„πÕ√√∂§¥’°Á®–¡’‡æ’¬ßª√–°“√‡¥’¬«

§◊Õ§«“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡∑’˧π à«π„À≠à„π —ߧ¡‡ÀÁπæâÕßμâÕß°—πºŸâæ‘æ“°…“®–𔧫“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ
À√◊Õ§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ à«πμ—«¢Õßμπ¡“ª–ªπ¡‘‰¥â

(ÒÚ)
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (London: Oxford University Press, 1972)
´÷ËßÕâ“ß∂÷ß„π Sir Norman Anderson, Liberty, Law and Justice (London: Stevens
and Sons, 1978) p. 140.
πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’§”𑬓¡¢Õߧ”«à“ 秫“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡é „πÀ¡Ÿà‡®â“∑ƒ…Æ’∑“ߪ√—™≠“Õ’°À≈“¬∑à“π
¥â«¬°—π´÷Ë߇ªìπ§”𑬓¡®“°·ßà¡ÿ¡μà“ßÊ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ„π·ßà¢Õßπ—°√—∞»“ μ√å π—°‡»√…∞»“ μ√å

À√◊Õπ—°ª√—™≠“ “¢“Õ◊ËπÊ ´÷Ëß≈â«π·μàæ‘®“√≥“‰ª§π≈–∑“ß ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ«‘∏’°“√«‘‡§√“–Àåªí≠À“
°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§à“¢Õߧ«“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡·≈– ‘∑∏‘Àπâ“∑’ËÕ—π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§«“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡.