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Figure 5.34. (from previous page) A. Epicardial breakthrough. A potential minimum, indicating
epicardial breakthrough, appears and expands in the mid lateral RV shortly after the QRS onset;
the breakthrough center is indicated by an asterisk. RV outflow tract is shown in blue and LV
outflow tract in pink. Atria and LAD shown in gray. B. Electrical activation isochrones in the same
subject. C. Activation-recovery interval maps from a representative male (left) and female (right)
demonstrate the longer repolarization in females compared with males. D. Electromechanical
sequences in a healthy adult heart. Electrical activation wave is shown in blue, with direction of
propagation indicated by yellow arrows (left image). LV displacements during contraction of the
same heart are depicted by colored points, with colors indicating wall segments. Point colors vary
from septal (purple) to lateral (yellow). An animation of the electromechanical sequence is
provided in Movie 10 (https://youtu.be/yxOdOmCcdIM). LA indicates left atrium; LAD, left anterior
descending coronary artery; and RA, right atrium. From Andrews et. al. [333] with permission of
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

6 Disclosure

Yoram Rudy receives royalties from CardioInsight Technologies (CIT). CIT does not support

any of the research conducted in Yoram Rudy’s laboratory.

7 Acknowledgements

I am deeply grateful to the many students, fellows and colleagues who contributed to
the work summarized in this monograph and the insights it tries to convey. Many thanks to
Huyen Nguyen who edited the manuscript and transformed it into a book format. The research
described here was conducted under grants R37-HL-033343, R01-HL-033343 and R01-HL-049054

from the NIH-National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Yoram Rudy is the Fred Saigh
Distinguished Professor at Washington University. This monograph is dedicated to the memory
of three colleagues, mentors and friends – Professors Robert Plonsey, Bruno Taccardi and Jerome

Liebman; they are sorely missed.