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Some Key Terms

Changes!

this distinction, premising that both "governance" and "politics" involve aspects of power
and accountability.

In general terms, public governance occurs in three broad ways:

• Through networks involving public-private partnerships (PPP) or with the
collaboration of community organisations;

• Through the use of market mechanisms whereby market principles of competition

serve to allocate resources while operating under government regulation;

• Through top-down methods that primarily involve governments and the state
bureaucracy.

***
Participatory governance focuses on deepening democratic engagement through the
participation of citizens in the processes of governance with the state. The idea is that

citizens should play a more direct roles in public decision-making or at least engage
more deeply with political issues. Government officials should also be responsive to this

kind of engagement. In practice, participatory governance can supplement the roles of
citizens as voters or as watchdogs through more direct forms of involvement.

"Governance."
Wikipedia
Governance Indicators 40

The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project reports aggregate and individual
governance indicators for over 200 countries and territories over the period 1996–2019,

for six dimensions of governance: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and
Absence of Violence, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, Control

of Corruption

These aggregate indicators combine the views of a large number of enterprise, citizen
and expert survey respondents in industrial and developing countries. They are based

on over 30 individual data sources produced by a variety of survey institutes, think
tanks, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, and private sector
firms.

"WGI 2020 Interactive"
World Bank