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Some Key Terms
Changes!
NGOization (INGO)
Intractable Conflicts 48
Protracted social conflict is a technical term that generally refers to conflicts described
by other researchers as protracted or intractable: complex, severe, commonly enduring,
and often violent. The term was presented in a theory developed by Edward Azar.
Protracted social conflict as Edward Azar termed it, denotes hostile interactions between
communal groups that are based in deep-seated racial, ethnic, religious and cultural
hatreds, and that persist over long periods of time with sporadic outbreaks of violence;
when a group's identity is threatened or frustrated, intractable conflict is almost
inevitable.
"Protracted Social Conflict."
Wikipedia
Iron Law of Oligarchy. 49
The Iron Law of Oligarchy.is a political theory first developed by the German sociologist
Robert Michels in his 1911 book, Political Parties. It asserts that rule by an elite, or
oligarchy, is inevitable as an "iron law" within any democratic organization as part of the
"tactical and technical necessities" of organization.
Michels's theory states that all complex organizations, regardless of how democratic
they are when started, eventually develop into oligarchies. Michels observed that since
no sufficiently large and complex organization can function purely as a direct
democracy, power within an organization will always get delegated to individuals within
that group, elected or otherwise.
"Iron Law of Oligarchy."
Wikipedia
Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDC) 50
Landlocked developing countries (LLDC) are developing countries that are landlocked.
The economic and other disadvantages experienced by such countries makes the
majority of landlocked countries Least Developed Countries (LDCs), with inhabitants of
these countries occupying the bottom billion tier of the world's population in terms of
poverty. Apart from Europe, there is not a single successful highly developed landlocked
country as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI), and nine of the twelve
countries with the lowest HDI scores are landlocked
