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The struggle for independence

“Vade Retro domum” - “Nolo Relinquere”

achieving independence on June 25, 1975, after a civil resistance movement known as
the Carnation Revolution backed by portions of the military in Portugal overthrew the

Salazar regime, thus ending 470 years of Portuguese colonial rule in the East African
region "

"Mozambican War of Independence." 28
Wikipedia
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Namibia

“ The South African Border War, also known as the Namibian War of Independence, and
sometimes denoted in South Africa as the Angolan Bush War, was a largely asymmetric

conflict that occurred in Namibia (then South West Africa), Zambia, and Angola from 26
August 1966 to 21 March 1990. It was fought between the South African Defence Force

(SADF) and the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), an armed wing of the South
West African People's Organisation (SWAPO). The South African Border War resulted in
some of the largest battles on the African continent since World War II and was closely

intertwined with the Angolan Civil War.

***
Following several years of unsuccessful petitioning through the United Nations and the
International Court of Justice for Namibian independence, SWAPO formed the PLAN in

1962 with material assistance from the Soviet Union, China, and sympathetic African
states such as Tanzania, Ghana, and Algeria.[29] Fighting broke out between PLAN and
the South African authorities in August 1966. Between 1975 and 1988, the SADF staged

massive conventional raids into Angola and Zambia to eliminate PLAN's forward
operating bases. It also deployed specialist counter-insurgency units such as Koevoet

and 32 Battalion trained to carry out external reconnaissance and track guerrilla
movements.

***
Beginning in 1984, regular Angolan units under Soviet command were confident enough
to confront the SADF. Their positions were also bolstered by thousands of Cuban troops.

The state of war between South Africa and Angola briefly ended with the short-lived
Lusaka Accords, but resumed in August 1985 as both PLAN and UNITA took advantage

of the ceasefire to intensify their own guerrilla activity, leading to a renewed phase of
FAPLA combat operations culminating in the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. The South

African Border War was virtually ended by the Tripartite Accord, mediated by the United