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Commentary

Civil resistance, armed conflict and open warfare

Initial actions of civil resistance on the part of Africans (e.g.1929 Aba Women's Revolt, or Igbo

Women's War, in southeastern Nigeria ) when faced by unyielding colonial administrations, led to

armed conflicts (e.g. guerrilla warfare in the case of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya (1952–60) and

Zimbabwe's War of independence (1965–79); all-out war in the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique, Angola,
Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau (1961–74), and the South African colony of South West Africa (Namibia).
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Assassinations
m’zungu governments supported, organised or took part in the assassination of
Independence leaders

1961 Patrice Lumumba (Congo), 1973 Amilcar Cabral (Guinea and Cape Verde), 1960 Felixe Moumie
(Cameroon), 1965 Mehdi Ben Barka (Morocco), 1969 Eduardo Mondlane (Mozambique)

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For the background to the above commentary, please refer to :

Eurafrica as a Pan-European vehicle for Central European colonialism (1923-1939); Benjamin Thorpe;
School of Geography, University of Nottingham

and
Benjamin Talton – Temple University "African Resistance to Colonial Rule."
http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-resistance.html.

and
"Africa: Independence Movements." ; https://geography.name/independence-movements/.

and

"Africa: A Continent Drenched in the Blood of Revolutionary Heroes | Victoria Brittain | Global
Development | The Guardian." (January 2011)

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jan/17/lumumba-50th-

anniversary-african-leaders-assassinations.
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Colonial Powers never really left

"Africa is a paradox which illustrates and highlights neo-colonialism. Her earth is rich, yet

the products that come from above and below the soil continue to enrich, not Africans
predominantly, but groups and individuals who operate to Africa's impoverishment."