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Commentary

As portrayed in one Al Jazeera video, this involved French intelligence agents being

located ‘across the hall’ from an African president and using money to bribe or threaten the

president to make decisions in line with the wishes of the French government.

All too often it involved assassinations, coups d’etat and the direct or indirect use of

mercenaries.

But m’zungu nations have made use of other tools to ensure they have an enduring

level of control over Africa.

Throughout the period of post-independence, m’zungu governments have made use

of debt and the issue of debt overhang in a way that has limited the freedom of African

governments. (As you will see below, the m’zungu concept of debts is somewhat one-sided. It conveniently
ignores the concept of the value of debt owed to Africa by ex-colonial powers)

Some of the sources listed below illustrate how the USA has acted to serve its own

interests. (Volume 2 of this trilogy adds to this.)

Today’s analysts still perceive the strategic importance to African development of

building a bigger manufacturing base there. (See Volume 2 of this trilogy). In order to help

African nations move away from a commodity-based economy. This is after 60 years of
so-called independence. Some of the references below illustrate how 60 years ago, an

African president sought to do that only to be undermined by and later overthrown by the

USA.

And the Bretton Woods Institutions (BWI) have added to the difficulties of African

nations and their governments. (Volume 2 of this trilogy will show how these institutions, founded by
the USA, have seemingly acted as an arm of USA policy)

Time after time BWI impositions in the form of structural adjustments and
conditionalities have served to open up African economies to big (USA?) corporations

whilst decimating local African SME (Small & Medium Enterprises)

For the background to the above commentary, please refer to :

"Chagos Islands Dispute: UN Backs End to UK Control." BBC News, May 22, 2019, sec. UK.
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48371388.