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procedures to help students work in groups.Thelan stated that the classroom should be a

miniature democracy aimed at examining interpersonal social problems.Thelan, who was
interested in group dynamics, developed a form of group inquiry with detailed steps.The

collaborative group work described by Dewey and Thelan can have an impact beyond
academic learning outcomes (Amiruddin, 2019).

Lev Vygotsky is the next influential figure in the development of collaborative

learning through the creation of constructivist learning theory. Vygotsky's interactional
theory differs from constructivist theory. Suyono and Hariyanto as cited by Diana (2020)

explained that as a person who is considered a pioneer in the philosophy of constructivism,

the philosophical design prefers to state his learning theory as social cognition learning.
Social cognitive learning believes that culture is the main determinant of individual

development. Some key concepts of social cognition learning from Vygotsky's theory of
constructivism: (1) Learners (students) as unique individuals; (2) Self-regulated learner; (3)

Responsibility for learning; (4) Motivation for learning; (5) Zone of development (ZD); (6)
Teacher's role as facilitator; (7) Dynamic interaction between tasks, teachers, and learners;

(8) Collaboration among learners; (9) Cognitive apprenticeship; (10) Top-down process;

(11) Cooperative learning as an implementation of constructivism; (12) Learning by
teaching as a constructivist method.

Today, the implementation of collaborative learning methods has seen a significant
increase as more schools and universities adopt collaborative learning approaches in the

classroom. These include team-based learning, group projects, class discussions, and more,
which are designed to develop social skills, collaborative skills, and a deeper understanding

of the subject matter. The development of information and communication technology,

particularly the Internet, has also made it possible to apply collaborative learning to online
learning. Various digital tools and platforms have enabled students to work together from

different geographical locations.

Collaborative learning can maximize the three main competencies in the learners
themselves, namely cognitive, affective, and psychomotor (Asnur, et al., 2019). Sidgi

(2022) outlines the benefits of implementing collaborative learning in different contexts.