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Meteorology
3.8.5.1 Dynamic low pressure ...................................................................... 309
3.8.6 Warm front ............................................................................................310
3.8.6.1 Summer warm front ......................................................................... 311
3.8.6.2 Winter warm front ........................................................................... 311
3.8.7 Cold front ..............................................................................................312
3.8.7.1 Active cold front ............................................................................... 312
3.8.7.2 Passive cold front ............................................................................. 312
3.8.8 Occlusion ...............................................................................................313
3.8.8.1 Warm occlusion ................................................................................ 313
3.8.8.2 Cold occlusion................................................................................... 314
3.9 Flight safety .............................................................................................. 315
3.9.1 Significant weather ...............................................................................315
3.9.1.1 SIGMET............................................................................................. 316
3.9.2 Icing formation .....................................................................................319
3.9.2.1 Four main types of ice ....................................................................... 320
3.9.2.2 Definition of icing .............................................................................. 322
3.9.2.3 Consequences of icing ....................................................................... 322
3.9.2.4 Planning in case of risk of ice ............................................................. 324
3.9.3 Carburetor icing ...................................................................................325
3.9.4 Thunderstorms .....................................................................................326
3.9.4.1 Heat thunderstorms .......................................................................... 328
3.9.4.2 Advection thunderstorms .................................................................. 328
3.9.4.3 Orographic thunderstorm.................................................................. 328
3.9.4.4 Warm front thunderstorms ............................................................... 328
3.9.4.5 Cold front thunderstorms .................................................................. 329
3.9.4.6 Squall-line thunderstorms ................................................................. 329
3.9.4.7 Thunderstorm warning ...................................................................... 329
3.9.5 Weather phenomena resulting from thunderstorms ............................ 330
3.9.5.1 Lightning .......................................................................................... 330
3.9.5.2 Hail................................................................................................... 330
3.9.5.3 Turbulence in connection with CB clouds ......................................... 331
3.9.5.4 Gust front ......................................................................................... 332
3.9.5.5 Microburst ....................................................................................... 332
3.9.5.6 Mechanical and thermal turbulence in connection with thunderstorm 333
Flight Theory PPL(A)(UL)/LAPL Henning Andersen, Midtjysk Flyveskole© marts 2026 211
