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88 Big Data Analytics for Connected Vehicles and Smart Cities Smart Cities 89

elements have been transformed into services as these deliver value in terms of
safety, efficiency, and user experience, while projects and technologies simply
enable the establishment and operation of the service. Section 5.6 discusses this
in more detail.

Asset and Maintenance Management Services
A smart city will consist of considerable investment in infrastructure and ad-
vanced technologies that will have to be maintained, tracked, and managed
beyond the initial implementation. This range of services provides the tools
and decision-support necessary to manage the smart city assets and apply con-
sistent maintenance standards in a timely manner. An investment in smart cit-
ies can be thought of as a whale-shaped investment with the head of the whale
representing the initial capital investment and the whale tail representing the
operations and maintenance investment. One of the challenges that have been
encountered in the past with respect to the application of advanced technolo-
gies to transportation has been the allocation of resources to the whale tail.
Good asset and maintenance management not only provides decision support;
it also provides the information required to justify continued investment in this
important area.

Connected Vehicle Services
The subject is addressed extensively in Chapter 4. In the smart city, connected
vehicle technology will be applied to private cars, freight vehicles, transit ve-
hicles, and vehicles that provide MaaS such as Uber, Lyft, taxis, and paratransit
entities. A range of services will be provided to smart city citizens and visitors.

Connected, Involved Citizen Services
This group of services involves the use of smart phones and other communi-
cation technologies to establish and maintain two-way communications with
smart city citizens.

Integrated Electronic Payment Services
Payment for transportation services within the smart city will be facilitated
through a range of electronic payment services. These will be supported by
an integrated citywide electronic payment system that addresses tolls, transit
tickets, and parking fees. It is also likely that this citywide system will support
payment for government services.
Intelligent, Sensor-Based Infrastructure Services
Smart sensors and the appropriate telecommunications network technology
will be utilized within the smart city to provide a range of data supply services