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92 Big Data Analytics for Connected Vehicles and Smart Cities Smart Cities 93

• Inducing a 1% modal shift in favor transit;
• Improving customer perception of regional transportation by 10%;
• Reducing regional traffic delays by 10%;
• Improving the reliability of trip times by 15%;
• Reducing accidents by 10%;
• Improving incident response time by 20%.

Figure 5.6 shows the more detailed smart city objectives used to guide
deployment in a tabular fashion, with the objectives related to the smart city
transportation services we have defined.
Note that the objectives are closely related to the 20 big questions defined
in Chapter 2.

5.6 Steps Toward a Smart City

A roadmap toward a smart city will consist of a departure point, a journey, and
a destination point. It is likely that the departure point for a smart city will
vary considerably depending on the perception of need within any city and the
pattern of prior investment. For example, if significant investment has been
made into electronic toll systems or electronic transit ticketing systems, then a
suitable departure point on the road toward a smart city may lie in a citywide
electronic payment system that provides services for toll payment, transit ticket-
ing, and payment of parking fees. An electronic payment departure point also
provides the benefit of a means to collect revenue in the most cost-effective
manner, which is always useful at the beginning of a new program. Another
city could have a significant prior investment in traveler information services,
making the establishment of the connected citizen and the connected visitor
programs an attractive option as the point of departure.
At the other end of the journey, there lies a destination point for the smart
city. It is to be hoped that all cities will eventually share a common view of the
destination and converge on a vision of the ultimate smart city. As discussed
earlier in Section 5.4, such convergence does not yet exist as we are very early
in the development and deployment of smart cities. It is vitally important that
any smart city program has a clear definition of the ultimate outcome as this
will play a significant role in developing the roadmap from today’s situation to
the future desired situation.
With respect to the journey, it would be very useful to define a series of
steps or milestones that cities can take to get from the departure to the destina-
tion point. The traditional way to define the roadmap would be to develop an
investment program that consists of projects and programs. While this provides