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98 Big Data Analytics for Connected Vehicles and Smart Cities Smart Cities 99

Figure 5.8 shows the technology framework developed by the City Pro-
tocol organization, which is based on that developed by the City of Barcelona
[12]. The following sections examine each element of the architecture.

Smart Information Infrastructure
This is a collective term for the combined sources of data that will be provided
to the event repository and big data management system. This could be raw
data from sensors or probe vehicles or could be processed data, information
coming from external systems

City Open Apps and Open Data
One of the important values of a centralized data repository or data lake is the
ability to make access to the data available to a wide range of partners both in the
public and private sector. Within the public sector, access to the data lake would
enable each agency and each public-sector partner to develop its own analytics
and strategies. With respect to the private sector, smart app developers and other
private sector entities may use the data as the basis for new business opportuni-
ties and the development of consumer-oriented smart phone applications.
Citizens Participation Platform

The ability to channel data effectively and to turn into information can also be
used with smart phone and web technology to support citizen participation.
This is a two-way dialogue in which the citizen provides data and is in turn pro-
vided with information and the ability to comment on the quality of services.

Sensor Platform
This element supports the fusion of data from multiple sensors including in-
frastructure-based and probe vehicle–based sensors. It is also possible that the
sensor platform will conduct a certain amount of preprocessing, often referred
to as edge processing to optimize the use of communication networks as the
data is transmitted to the back office or the city operating system.
Other Sensor Platforms

The smart city may also take advantage of other sensors that have already been
installed by public and private sector entities. This could include sensors used
for supervisory control and acquisition of data (SCADA).

Video Platform
This can be considered as a special type of data fusion, in which video images
from a variety of sources can be brought together and managed. The video plat-
form might also provide the ability to share data across partners.