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106 Big Data Analytics for Connected Vehicles and Smart Cities Smart Cities 107

initiative. Accordingly, the value proposition must be clearly defined and com-
municated through the appropriate channels to partners and public alike. The
evaluation of benefits can be achieved through both summative and formative
evaluation techniques. Summative evaluation techniques, as the name suggests,
provide a retrospective summary of the benefits achieved from prior actions.
Formative evaluation provides near obtained feedback that can be used to guide
the initiative on an incremental basis.

5.10 Smart City Opportunities

This section provides examples of the opportunities associated with smart cities.

Smart City
Through the adoption of a coherent and coordinated approach to the delivery
of smart city services it is possible to identify and take advantage of possibilities
for synergy between services. For example, data collection services can provide
data that is fed into a central data lake or repository that can support multiple
applications. These applications could include connected citizens and connect-
ed visitor services. The data collection itself may be supported by crowdsourc-
ing and the use of movement analytics. The creation and management of a data
lake also ensures that a single version of the truth, with respect to data, can be
created and maintained, enabling many services to take advantage of the data.

Cost Share on Project Implementation
Like most transportation implementations, one of the most important and
pressing aspects of smart cities initiatives lies in the identification of funding. By
developing a coordinated framework in a big picture for the smart city initiative,
it is possible to identify opportunities to share cost on project implementations.
Partners can identify opportunities to cost-share or to avoid investment costs
by relying on services to be provided by another partner. This also enables the
definition of partnership opportunities between the public and private sector.

The Ability to Ensure that Initiatives from Different Agencies Work Together and Do
Not Conflict
Multiple partner agencies are likely to be involved in the deployment of a smart
cities initiative. A high importance is placed on ensuring that the efforts of
different agencies work together toward common goals. This avoids potential
conflict between projects and maximizes the collective effect of individual proj-
ects. The adoption of a framework approach to Smart City planning supports a
strong ability to optimize individual agency actions.