Page 12 - Feline Cardiology

NORMAL CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY REFERENCE VALUES FOR THE DOMESTIC CAT
HEART RATE RADIOGRAPHY (Litster 2000a, Litster 2000b, Hayward 2004)
Environment Rate (beats/minute) References Parameter Value
Home (Holter) 157 ± 3.7 beats/min (range: 68–294) Ware, 1999 (n = 20) Vertebral heart size (lateral) 7.5 V (±0.3)
165 (range: 70–303) Hanås, 2009 (n = 23) Vertebral heart size (dorsoventral) 8.1 V (±0.45)
Home (auscultation) 118 ± 11 Hamlin, 1989 (n = 25) Vertebral heart size (ventrodorsal) 8.2 V (±0.43)
Vertebral heart size - obese cats same as normal cats
Home (telemetry): 132 ± 19 Abbott, 2005 (n = 16)
Pulmonary artery size Width ≤ narrowest portion of the 4th rib where they intersect
Hospital: outpatient physical exam 180 (range: 140–260) Côté, 2004 (n = 103)
(lateral view)
Hospital: at rest (telemetry) 150 ± 23 Abbott, 2005 (n = 16)
Width ≤ diameter of the 9th rib where they intersect (DV view)
Hospital: kitten 250 McMichael, 2009 Pulmonary vein size Width ≤ narrowest portion of the 4th rib where they intersect
Hospital: restrained for ECG - kitten 238 ± 9 Gomes, 2003 (n = 30) (lateral view)
Hospital: restrained for ECG - adult 182 ± 20 Hamlin, 1989 (n = 27) Width ≤ diameter of the 9th rib where they intersect (DV view)
Hospital: restrained for ECG - adult 197 ± 27 Gompf, 1979 (n = 48)
Hospital: restrained for echocardiography 187 ± 25 Abbott, 2005 (n = 16) V, vertebral body lengths; DV, dorsoventral
Intrinsic (denervated) 158 ± 4 Diepstra, 1980 (n = 7)
ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
Method Systolic (mm Hg) Mean (mm Hg) Diastolic (mm Hg) References
Direct arterial n = 6 125 (±11) 105 (±10) 89 (±9) Brown, 1997
Direct arterial n = 6 126 (±9) 106 (±10) 91 (±11) Belew, 1999
Oscillometry n = 104 139 (±27) 99 (±27) 77 (±25) Bodey, 1998
Oscillometry n = 60 115 (±10) 96 (±12) 74 (±11) Mishina, 1998
Doppler ultrasonography n = 33 118 (±11) Kobayashi, 1990
Doppler ultrasonography n = 50 162 (±19) Sparkes, 1999
Doppler ultrasonography n = 53 134 (±16) Lin, 2006
Risk for future target end-organ damage minimal risk <150 <95 Brown, 2007
mild risk 150–159 95–99
moderate risk 160–179 100–119
severe risk ≥180 ≥120
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
2D IVSd (mm) LVDd (mm) LVFWd (mm) IVSs (mm) LVDs (mm) LVFWs (mm) FS% LA (mm) Ao (mm) LA:Ao References
4.5 ± 0.3 13.4 ± 2.3 4.4 ± 0.4 6.6 ± 1.7 50 ± 9 12.1 ± 0.6 8.5 ± 0.6 1.4 ± 0.1 Campbell, 2007 (n = 10)
4.5 ± 0.8 15.4 ± 1.6 4.1 ± 0.7 7.5 ± 1.9 53 ± 11 11.3 ± 1.7 9.5 ± 1.4 1.2 ± 0.19 Adin, 2007 (n = 44)
4.6 ± 0.67 15.9 ± 2.40 4.5 ± 0.73 7.8 ± 1.17 7.3 ± 2.63 7.8 ± 1.05 54.9 ± 10.97 0.9 ± 0.09 Chetboul, 2003 (n = 4)
M-mode: LV, LA, AO
IVSd (mm) LVDd (mm) LVFWd (mm) IVSs (mm) LVDs (mm) LVFWs (mm) FS% LA (mm) Ao (mm) LA:Ao
4.03 ± 0.3 12.95 ± 1.2 4.02 ± 0.4 – 8.59 ± 1.6 – 34.05 ± 2.5 10.3 ± 0.7 9.0 ± 0.7 Allen, 1982 (n = 10)*
5.0 ± 0.7 15.1 ± 2.1 4.6 ± 0.5 7.6 ± 1.2 6.9 ± 2.2 7.8 ± 1.0 55.0 ± 10.2 12.1 ± 1.8 9.5 ± 1.5 1.29 ± 0.23 Moïse, 1986 (n = 11)
3.1 ± 0.4 15.9 ± 1.9 3.3 ± 0.6 5.8 ± 0.6 8.0 ± 1.4 6.8 ± 0.7 49.8 ± 5.3 12.3 ± 1.4 9.5 ± 1.1 1.3 ± 0.17 Jacobs, 1985 (n = 41)
3.7 ± 0.7 14.6 ± 2 3.6 ± 0.6 8.2 ± 1.5 44.2 ± 8.2 10.9 ± 1.8 9.5 ± 1.1 Fox, 1995 (n = 36)
3.8 ± 0.8 14.9 ± 2.2 3.8 ± 0.9 6.4 ± 1.2 8.3 ± 2.2 6.8 ± 1.1 44 ± 11 Koffas, 2006 (n = 25)
4.6 ± 0.67 15.9 ± 2.4 4.5 ± 0.73 7.8 ± 1.17 7.3 ± 2.63 7.8 ± 1.05 54.9 ± 10.97 0.9 ± 0.09 Chetboul, 2003 (n = 4)
4.2 ± 0.7 15.0 ± 2 4.1 ± 0.7 6.7 ± 1.2 7.2 ± 1.5 6.8 ± 1.1 52.1 ± 7.1 11.7 ± 1.7 9.0 ± 1.4 1.25 ± 0.18 Sisson, 1991 (n = 79)
4.7 ± 0.6 16.0 ± 2.3 4.5 ± 0.7 7.7 ± 1.2 8.2 ± 1.8 7.5 ± 1.1 49 ± 7 0.9 ± 0.1 Carlos Sampedrano,
2006 (n = 56)
M-mode: MV
D-E ampl (mm) EF slope (mm/s) EPSS (cm)
54.5 ± 13.4 0.04 ± 0.07 Moïse, 1986 (n = 10)
5.27 ± 1.25 87.2 ± 26.0 0.02 ± 0.09 Jacobs, 1985 (n = 41)
Systolic time intervals
VcF (cm/s) Ej time (sec) PEP (sec)
2.045 ± 0.48 0.168 ± 0.02 Allen, 1982 (n = 10)*
3.5 ± 0.8 0.116 ± 0.011 0.044 ± 0.009 Fox, 1986 (n = 30)*
Spectral Doppler
Ao (m/s) PA (m/s) Transmitral E Transmitral A E:A LV IVRT Peak systolic velo- Peak early diastolic Peak atrial reversal E decel
(m/s) (m/s) (msec) city PVF(S; m/s) velocity PVF (D; m/s) velocity PVF (AR; m/s) time (msec)
0.67 ± 0.14 0.33 ± 0.11 2.27 ± 1.0 71 ± 17 0.25 ± 0.07 0.23 ± 0.04 0.18 (0.10–0.39) 66 ± 13 Schober, 2003 (n = 7)*
1.1 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.1 1.5 ± 0.3 43 ± 9 Chetboul, 2006a (n = 100)
0.7 ± 0.04 0.29 ± 0.04 2.49 ± 0.28 45.7 ± 3.3 Bright, 1999 (n = 12)
0.67 ± 0.13 0.59 ± 0.14 1.19 ± 0.3 55.4 ± 13.24 59.9 ± 14.07 Santilli, 1999 (n = 20)
1.1 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.4 54 ± 11 Carlos Sampedrano,
2006 (n = 56)
Tissue Doppler imaging
PW TDI
Septal (left apical view) Lateral (left apical view)
Longitudinal E’ (cm/s) A’ (cm/s) S’ (cm/s) E’ (cm/s) S’ (cm/s) S’ (cm/s)
6.42 ± 1.25 3.64 ± 1.47 4.19 ± 0.82 8.34 ± 2.04 3.99 ± 0.41 3.99 ± 0.41 Schober, 2003 (n = 7)*
9.7 ± 1.36 4.7 ± 0.76 4.7 ± 0.76 Chetboul, 2004 (n = 4)
6.8 ± 1.9 6.16 ± 1.61 4.79 ± 1.41 9.28 ± 2.14 3.8 ± 1.02 3.8 ± 1.02 Koffas, 2006 (n = 25)
Septal Left ventricular free wall
Radial E’ (cm/s) A’ (cm/s) S’ (cm/s) E’ (cm/s) S’ (cm/s) S’ (cm/s)
9.7 ± 1.7 [endo] 4.4 ± 0.82 [endo] 4.4 ± 0.82 [endo] Chetboul, 2004 (n = 4)
2.2±0.74 [epi] 1.9 + 1.9 [epi] 1.9 + 1.9 [epi] Chetboul, 2004 (n = 4)
5.2 ± 1.69 5.34 ± 2.22 5.65 ± 1.26 5.6 ± 1.58 6.16 ± 1.26 6.16 ± 1.26 Koffas, 2006 (n = 25)
COLOR TDI
Longitudinal E’ annular E’ basal E’ apical A’ annular A’ basal A’ apical S’ annular S’ basal S’ apical
5.9 ± 1.8 5.7 ± 1.9 2.3 ± 1.1 3.4 ± 1.4 3.1 ± 1.1 0.9 ± 0.5 4.7 ± 1.4 4.5 ± 1.3 1.7 ± 1.0 Carlos Sampedrano,
2006 (n = 48–56)
5.5 ± 1.6 5.8 ± 1.6 2.7 ± 1.2 2.9 ± 1.3 2.9 ± 1.0 0.8 ± 0.6 4.4 ± 1.3 4.5 ± 1.2 1.7 ± 0.9 Chetboul, 2006a (n = 100)
5.9 ± 2.2 2.2 ± 1.0 2.7 ± 1.0 0.7 ± 0.5 4.1 ± 1.1 1.4 ± 0.5 Chetboul, 2006b (n = 22)
Radial E’ (endo) E’(epi) A’ (endo) A’(epi) S’ (endo) S’ (epi)
6.1 ± 1.7 2.4 ± 1.0 3.3 ± 1.1 1.3 ± 0.7 5.0 ± 1.1 2.5 ± 0.9 Carlos Sampedrano,
2006 (n = 48–56)
5.7 ± 1.5 2.4 ± 1.0 3.0 ± 1.0 1.2 ± 1.0 4.7 ± 1.1 2.5 ± 0.9 Chetboul, 2006a (n = 100)
6.3 ± 1.9 2.2 ± 1.0 3.3 ± 1.1 1.2 ± 0.7 4.6 ± 0.8 2.1 ± 0.6 Chetboul, 2006b (n = 22)
*cats sedated or under general anesthesia. 2D, two-dimensional echocardiography. 2D and M-mode: IVS, interventricular septum; LVD, left ventricular diameter; LVFW, left ventricular free wall; d, diastole; s, systole; FS%, fractional shortening;
LA, left atrial diameter; Ao, aortic diameter; D-E ampl, D-E amplitude; EPSS, E-point to septal separation. Systolic time intervals: VcF, velocity of circumferential fiber shortening; PEP, pre-ejection period. Spectral Doppler: Ao, velocity across aortic
valve; PA, velocity across pulmonic valve; LV IVRT, left ventricular isovolumic relaxation time; PVF, pulmonary venous flow velocity; AR, velocity of PVF atrial reversal wave; decel, deceleration. All velocities expressed as peak velocities. Tissue
Doppler imaging: PW, pulsed-wave; TDI, tissue Doppler imaging, endo, endocardial; epi, epicardial.