Page 697 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

662 SECTION | IX Gases, Solvents and Other Industrial Toxicants

VetBooks.ir from petroleum puddles near a tank battery, from slush TABLE 50.1 Clinical Signs of Petroleum Poisoning
pits, from puddles of volatile petroleum and petroleum
in Cattle
distillate (Edwards et al., 1979). Crude oil spilled by a
pipeline break has been consumed by cattle, and cattle
Acute Signs Subacute Signs Chronic Signs
have drunk from puddles of road-oil after it was applied
(Within 24 h) (After 24 h)
for dust suppression (Bumstead, 1949; Coale, 1947).
Cattle have drunk used motor oil (Gardner, 1977), and Ruminal a Depression Lethargy
have also ingested petroleum-contaminated forage (Beck tympanites
et al., 1977; Stober, 1962). An entire herd of heifers was Emesis Pneumonia Anorexia
irreversibly poisoned by ingesting water from a stream Postural Anorexia Loss of condition
that was contaminated with aviation turbine fuel (Barber weakness
et al., 1987). Monlux et al. (1971) reported that most
Ataxia and Constipation Impaired
animals avoid oil, but in some instances, the entire herd, incoordination reproductive
especially feeder calves, can be attracted to oil. Cattle performance
have ingested sump oil with adverse effects on health Seizures Coughing Chronic cough
(Ballantyne, 1950, 1955). Cattle were attracted to soil
Hyperthermia Ileus Abortion
saturated with crude condensate and sore feet were
observed in many of the animals. Other species also Dyspnea Recumbency Laminitis
ingest petroleum. Sheep have ingested Bunker “C” fuel (walking in
petroleum
oil (No. 6 Heavy Fuel Oil) following the sinking of a
puddles)
tanker ship in Chedabucto Bay (MacIntyre, 1970).
Ingestion of surface water contaminated with extrusions Bloody diarrhea Ruminal atony Loss of body
weight
by rain water of natural gas condensate has caused fatali-
ties in sheep (Adler et al., 1992). Voluntary ingestion of Strong Abortion Chest/abdominal
petroleum-like pain
kerosene by two goats was reported by Pathan (1961).In
odor to breath/
Iran, goats ingested diesel fuel leaking from an over-
feces
turned truck tanker (Toofanian et al., 1979). Sheep and
Ruminal atony Loss of weight Cachexia
goats were reported to drink liquids accumulating around
petroleum well heads (Batista et al., 2013). Dogs have Depression Sweet petroleum-
been reported to have liver pathology secondary to the like odor to breath
and feces
ingestion of motor oil (Chalifoux et al., 1973). An exper-
imental study demonstrated that cows on a balanced diet Death Lethargy
with water ad libitum are attracted to crude petroleum,
a
Ruminal tympanites is not a consistent finding.
and will ingest it (Coppock et al., 1992). The most fre-
quent method of ingesting oil was by licking; the cyclic
pattern suggested that cattle will go on oil-licking
“binges.” Rowe et al. (1973) found that calves will drink (condensate) on an oil-lease property (Edwards and Zinn,
sweet and sour crude oils. After water was withheld for 1979). Following oral exposure, 17 animals became sick
48 h, calves drank 4 L of either a sweet or sour crude and nine died. The sick cattle had petroleum distillate
oil, but would not repeat the ingestion of crude oil after dripping from the nostrils and oil in their feces. Surviving
water had been withheld for a total of 96 h. Two of the animals had varied signs including anorexia and weight
calves that drank oil had previously been administered loss, and some of these animals died. Edwards and Zinn
per gavage kerosene in a previous study. Calves that (1979) also described clinical signs in 18 out of 135 ani-
were not water deprived did not drink oil. These findings mals that had access to a slush pit. The surviving animals
suggest that cattle may acquire some aversion to drink- lost weight and were unthrifty. These authors also
ing crude petroleum. reported that, of 200 steers with access to petroleum in
puddles, 12 were found dead, and 13 died 24 h later.
Oehme (1977) attributed abortions to ingestion of petro-
Clinical Signs and Pathology Observed leum products. Loss of body condition can also result
from petroleum ingestion-linked chronic pneumonia and
in Field Incidents
pleural adhesions. Cattle attracted to an area saturated
Varied clinical signs have been observed in field incidents with petroleum condensate can have sore feet mimicking
of petroleum poisoning (Table 50.1). A herd of 58 year- signs of laminitis. Ballantyne (1950) reported that a
ling steers had access to crude petroleum distillate 545 kg cow, representative of a malady observed in 20