Page 700 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

Petroleum Chapter | 50 665

VetBooks.ir dark purple, reddened or tan-gray, mottled discoloration. surface was coated with fibrin, hemorrhages and mononu-
clear cells. Pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria
The areas of consolidation often have a nodular appear-
Klebsiella
haemolytica,
(Pasteurella
ance. Fibrinous pleural adhesions and serofibrinous pleural
pneumoniae,
exudate can occur. Pulmonary abscesses can also be Fusobacterium necrophorum, Actinomyces pyogenes,
observed (Rowe et al., 1973). Pulmonary pathology was Escherichia coli,and Pseudomonas spp.) were isolated
observed after cattle were administrated a sweet crude oil from the lungs of some of the sheep. Lung lesions can also
per gavage (Bystrom, 1989). Many of the animals, espe- occur after animals are exposed to gaseous petroleum and
cially those in the high dose groups had black discoloration sour gas. Mostrom and Campbell (1996) reported lesions of
of the lungs. Visible oil was present in the cranioventral hyperplasia of the submucosal glands in the trachea of cattle
lobes. In one animal, it was estimated that 80% of the exposed to emissions from a multiphase sour gas leak.
lungs were affected by black discoloration, and visible oil Other lesions observed included hyperplasia of tracheal,
was observed. Pathological diagnoses included pulmonary bronchial and bronchiolar glands, metaplasia of the tracheal
consolidation, fiibronecrotizing pneumonia, pleuritis, mucosa, and loss of cilia from the respiratory epithelium.
emphysema, atelectasis, multifocal interstitial pneumonia,
proliferative alveolitis, bronchopneumonia, and alveolitis. Hepatic Pathology of Petroleum
In animals that survived 8 days, hyperplasia of type II epi-
thelial cells was observed, and the alveoli were filled with Hepatic pathology has been observed following exposure
foamy, alveolar macrophages. Multiple small hemorrhages to oil. Bystrom (1989) observed swelling and increased
were observed in the lungs of cattle poisoned with tractor weight of the liver, increased friability and centrilobular
vaporizing oil (Parker and Williamson, 1951). Chemical congestion in cattle that were administered a sweet crude
pneumonia was reported in cattle dying from diesel fuel oil per gavage. Histopathology showed vacuolization of
poisoning (Gibson and Linzell, 1948). Pneumonia and pul- numerous hepatocytes and these vacuoles were thought to
monary abscesses containing Gram-negative organisms have previously contained oil. Parker and Williamson
were found in cattle that died acutely from drinking water (1951) reported fatty changes in the liver from a cow that
contaminated with aviation turbine engine fuel (Barber had ingested tractor vaporizing oil. Fatty degenerative
et al., 1987). The rumen contents smelled of oil. changes and focal areas of hepatitis were observed in cat-
Microscopic examination of tissues from the animals that tle following ingestion of water contaminated with avia-
died in the first 3 weeks showed fatty degeneration of tion turbine engine fuel (Barber et al., 1987). An
hepatocytes and focal areas of hepatitis, and one out of abnormal-appearing liver in a heifer was attributed to the
four had tubulointerstitial nephrosis and renal vascular ingestion of gasoline 15 months previously (Albert and
thrombi. A diagnosis of pneumonia, and abscesses contain- Ramey, 1964). Hepatic pathology observed in sheep poi-
ing gram-negative organisms was made in two out of four soned by natural gas condensate was fatty degeneration,
of the animals. Approximately 124 days after the ingestion biliary hyperplasia, periportal fibrosis, and periportal infil-
of aviation turbine fuel-contaminated water, the remaining tration of lymphocytes and plasma cells (Adler et al.,
cattle were necropsied. At slaughter, the lungs of the cattle 1992). Wallace and Blodgett (1996) reported the histo-
were considered abnormal, and were characterized by pathological changes in the liver of a cow that consumed
enlargement and gray-blue areas of varying and abnormal lithium grease containing 2050 μg lithium/g of grease
firmness. Histopathological abnormalities in tissues taken were vacuolated and atrophied hepatocytes. Experimental
at slaughter were not observed in lung, liver, and kidneys. oral exposure of cattle to lithium has been reported to
Infection in the lungs can occur rapidly following chemical cause periportal fibrosis (Johnson et al, 1980).
injury. Cattle that survive for 6 weeks or longer usually
have marked loss of weight and have chronic ill health Gastrointestinal Pathology of Petroleum
(Rowe et al., 1973). Pulmonary lesions have been observed
in sheep following a 1-day exposure to natural gas Petroleum, in acute exposures, can be observed in the gas-
condensate-contaminated water (Adler et al., 1992). Gross trointestinal tract and petroleum odor can be detected.
pathological observations included severe bilateral consoli- Kerosene-induced ulcers of the esophagus have been
dations and tan to gray mottling of the ventral lobes. reported (Rowe et al., 1973). Bystrom (1989) reported
Histological diagnosis of the lesions was a necrotizing pyloric ulcers of the abomasum of cattle exposed to
bronchopneumonia. There were extensive areas of coagula- unweathered sweet crude oil. Bumstead (1949) reported
tion necrosis bordered by a dense zone of neutrophils and oil to be very irritating to the intestinal tract of cattle.
lesser numbers of lymphocytes, plasmacytes and macro- Sheep, after ingestion of natural gas condensate, were
phages. The alveoli were filled with fibrinous exudate and observed to have reddening of the serosal surface of the
amorphous eosinophilic material. Plant material was also gastrointestinal tract and intraluminal hemorrhage (Adler
observed in the pulmonary parenchyma. The pleural et al., 1992). Histopathology was submucosal and