Page 706 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

Petroleum Chapter | 50 671

VetBooks.ir and toluene were examined, exposure to toluene was asso- Ballantyne, E.E., 1950. Crude Petroleum Oil Poisoning. Annual Report:
Veterinary Services Branch. Alberta Agriculture, Edmonton, AB.
ciated with significant CD4 T lymphocytopenia (Bechtel
Ballantyne, E.E., 1955. Oilwell Poisoning. Annual Report: Veterinary
et al., 2009b). The number of CD4 T lymphocytes was
3
30% lower in cattle exposed to 0.823 μg/m toluene than Services Branch. Alberta Agriculture, Edmonton, AB.
3 Barber, D.L.M., Cousin, D.A.H., Seawright, D., 1987. An episode of ker-
in cattle exposed to less than 0.406 μg/m toluene. In a
osene poisoning in dairy heifers. Vet. Rec. 120, 462 463.
similar model, 360 newborn calves (24 h to 7 days of
Beck, B.E., Wood, C.D., Whenham, G.R., 1977. Triaryl phosphate poi-
age) were studied (Bechtel et al., 2009c). The exposure
soning in cattle. Vet. Pathol. 14, 128 137.
period examined was from breeding date to birth. The cir-
Bechtel, D.G., Waldner, C.L., Wickstrom, M., 2009a. Associations
culating CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte numbers were 42% between immune function in yearling beef cattle and airborne poly-
and 43% lower, respectively, in calves exposed to cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and PM 1.0 near oil and natural gas
3
0.378 μg/m or greater of benzene compared with calves field facilities. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health. 64, 47 58.
3
exposed to less than 0.276 μg/m benzene. Also, CD4 T Bechtel, D.G., Waldner, C.L., Wickstrom, M., 2009b. Associations
lymphocytes were 40% lower in calves exposed to between immune function in yearling beef cattle and airborne emis-
3
0.713 μg/m or greater of toluene compared to calves sions of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and VOCs from oil and
3
exposed to less than 0.348 μg/m toluene. natural gas facilities. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health. 64, 73 86.
Bechtel, D.G., Waldner, C.L., Wickstrom, M., 2009c. Associations
between in utero exposure to airborne emissions from oil and gas
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE production and processing facilities and immune system outcomes in
DIRECTIONS neonatal beef calves. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health. 64, 59 71.
Bumstead, W.A., 1949. Unusual case of crude oil poisoning of cattle.
The petroleum industry uses and produces many mixtures North Am. Vet. 30, 712.
of chemicals in the upstream extraction of petroleum Burstyn, I., Senthilselvan, A., Kim, H.M., et al., 2007. Industrial sources
resources. Lands used by the petroleum industry are also influence air concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide
used by wildlife and agriculture. Domestic and wild ani- in rural areas of western Canada. J. Air. Waste Manag. Assoc. 57,
mals inhale and ingest petroleum and chemicals used in 1241 1250.
Bystrom, J.M., 1989. Study of The Acute Toxicity of Ingested Crude
the exploration and production of oil and gas.
Petroleum Oil to Cattle (M.Sc. Thesis). University of Saskatchewan,
Contamination of surface and ground water can occur.
Faculty of Graduate Studies, Saskatoon, SK.
Great care by the petroleum industry and other users of the
Carpenter, D.O., 2016. Hydraulic fracturing for natural gas: impact on
landscape is required to prevent domestic and wild animals health and environment. Rev. Environ. Health. 31, 47 51.
from being exposed to toxic substances. The emissions and Chalifoux, A., Bonneau, N., Major, P., et al., 1973. Poisoning by inges-
effluents from petroleum extraction are complex mixtures. tion of motor oil in a dog. dystrophy of hepatocytes and secondary
Most of these complex mixtures are unique to each expo- cholestasis. Can. Vet. J. 14, 68 70.
sure incident. Toxicity is not limited to the substances used Church, T.L., 1992. Field investigation findings of the long-term effects
to assess exposure. The petroleum industry is often posi- in Alberta livestock exposed to acid forming emissions: a case study
tioned in areas of food production. Contamination of feed report. In: Coppock, R.W., Lillie, L.E. (Eds.), Proceedings,
International Workshop on Effects of Acid Forming Emissions in
and food and water must be avoided. The medical commu-
Livestock (Publication AECV92-P2). Alberta Environmental Centre,
nity must be more aware of the possibility of toxicities and
Vegreville, AB.
continue to develop better diagnostic capacity. In the one-
Coale, A.J., 1947. Drinking of crude oil by cattle. North Am. Vet. 28, 221.
medicine approach, animals are sentinels for environmental
Coppock, R.W., Christian, R.G., 2012. Petroleum. In: Gupta, R.C. (Ed.),
toxicology and impacts on human health.
Veterinary Toxicology Basic and Clinical Principles, second ed.
Elsevier, Toronto.
REFERENCES Coppock, R.W., Florence, L.Z., Miller, C.G., et al., 1992. Study on the
ethology of crude oil ingestion by cattle. Toxicologist. 12, 336.
Adler, R., Boermans, H.J., Moulton, J.E., et al., 1992. Toxicosis in sheep Coppock, R.W., Mostrom, M.S., Khan, A.A., et al., 1995a. A review of
following ingestion of natural gas condensate. Vet. Pathol. 29, nonpesticide phosphate ester-induced neurotoxicity in cattle. Vet.
11 20. Hum. Toxicol. 37, 576 579.
Ahmaduna, F.-R., Pendashteh, A., Chuah Abdullah, L., et al., 2009. Coppock, R.W., Mostrom, M.S., Khan, A.A., et al., 1995b. Toxicology of
Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment. oilfield pollutants in cattle: a review. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 37, 569 576.
J. Hazard Mater. 170, 530 551. Coppock, R.W., Mostrom, M.S., Stair, E.L., et al., 1996.
Albert, T.F., Ramey, D.B., 1964. Abomasal displacement associated Toxicopathology of oilfield poisoning in cattle: a review. Vet. Hum.
with ingestion of gasoline. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 145, 460 461. Toxicol. 38, 36 42.
Anon, 1986. A Report on The Field Investigation into Livestock Health Couillard, C.M., Leighton, F.A., 1989. Comparative pathology of
Complaints Subsequent to The Drummond 6-30 Sour Gaswell Prudhoe Bay crude oil and inert shell sealants in chicken embryos.
Blowout: September 24-28, 1984. Publication AECV86-R3. Alberta Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 13, 165 173.
Environmental Centre, Vegreville, AB. Couillard, C.M., Leighton, F.A., 1990a. The toxicopathology of Prudhoe
Batista, J.S., Carmara, A.C.L., Almeida, R.D., et al., 2013. Poisoning by Bay crude oil in chicken embryos. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 14,
crude oil in sheep and goats. Rev. Me ´d. Ve ´t. 164, 517 520. 30 39.