Page 856 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

814 SECTION | XIII Estrogenic Toxicants

VetBooks.ir factor to global declines in sperm quality. Moreover, the Bonde, J.P., Flachs, E.M., Rimborg, S., et al., 2016. The epidemiologic
evidence linking prenatal and postnatal exposure to endocrine dis-
worldwide epidemic of obesity, which has been primarily
rupting chemicals with male reproductive disorders: a systematic
linked to increased caloric intake and decreased physical
activity, may also be the major underlying cause of sev- review and meta-analysis. Hum. Reprod. Update. 23, 104 125.
Carlsen, E., Giwercman, A., Keiding, N., et al., 1992. Evidence for
eral claimed endocrine disruptor-induced responses.
decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. BMJ. 305,
Hopefully, this will be resolved in the near future.
609 613.
Chen, X.M., Chen, S.M., Yue, H.X., et al., 2016. Semen quality in adult
male survivors 5 years after the 2008 wenchuan earthquake.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Andrologia. 48, 1274 1280.
AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Chen, Z., Toth, T., Godfrey-Bailey, L., et al., 2003. Seasonal variation
and age-related changes in human semen parameters. J. Androl. 24,
The list of endocrine disrupting chemicals with estrogenic
226 231.
activity is long and will continue to grow as EPA-sponsored
Chiu, Y.H., Afeiche, M.C., Gaskins, A.J., et al., 2014. Sugar-sweetened
screening activities identify new estrogenic compounds. The
beverage intake in relation to semen quality and reproductive hor-
role of environmental estrogens as causal agents for breast mone levels in young men. Hum. Reprod. 29, 1575 1584.
cancer or for decreased sperm counts is unlikely based on Chiu, Y.H., Gaskins, A.J., Williams, P.L., et al., 2016. Intake of fruits
currently available data. There have been many hypotheses and vegetables with low-to-moderate pesticide residues is positively
that attempttolinkestrogenicEDCstohealthissues suchas associated with semen-quality parameters among young healthy
obesity, diabetes, heart disease, neurological diseases, and men. J. Nutr. 146, 1084 1092.
cancer; however, their association with these health issues is Cohn, B.A., La Merrill, M., Krigbaum, N.Y., et al., 2015. Ddt exposure
not well established. There is evidence that in developed in utero and breast cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100,
2865 2872.
countries early onset of puberty is being observed and this is
Colditz, G.A., Willett, W.C., Stampfer, M.J., et al., 1987. Menopause
a bona fide endocrine problem with disease implications.
and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med.
The role of “environmental factors” (including diet) on early
316, 1105 1110.
onset of puberty should be further investigated. Cowley, S.M., Parker, M.G., 1999. A comparison of transcriptional acti-
vation by er alpha and er beta. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 69,
165 175.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Coyle, Y.M., 2004. The effect of environment on breast cancer risk.
Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 84, 273 288.
Financial support for preparation of this chapter has been provided
Cutler Jr., G.B., 1997. The role of estrogen in bone growth and matura-
by the National Institutes of Health (P30-ES023512), Texas
tion during childhood and adolescence. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol.
AgriLife Research, and Sid Kyle endowment.
Biol. 61, 141 144.
Davis, D.L., Bradlow, H.L., Wolff, M., et al., 1993. Medical hypothesis:
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