Page 1463 - Small Animal Internal Medicine, 6th Edition

CHAPTER 91 Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 1435

interpret if serum antibodies and inflammatory disease are Suggested Readings
present, because serum antibodies leak into ocular fluids and Abd-Eldaim M, Beall M, Kennedy M. Detection of feline panleu-
VetBooks.ir CSF in the face of inflammation. Detection of local produc- kopenia virus using a commercial ELISA for canine parvovirus.
tion of antibodies within the eye or CNS has been used to
Vet Ther. 2009;10:E1.
aid in the diagnosis of canine distemper virus infection,
feline toxoplasmosis, and feline bartonellosis (see Chapters Burgesser KM, et al. Comparison of PCR, virus isolation, and indi-
rect fluorescent antibody staining in the detection of naturally
94, 96, and 98). The following is a method to prove local occurring feline herpesvirus infections. J Vet Diagn Invest.
antibody production by the eye or CNS: 1999;11:122.
Dryden MW, et al. Accurate diagnosis of Giardia spp and proper
Aqueous humor or CSF-specific antibody × fecal examination procedures. Vet Ther. 2006;7:4.
Serum-specific antiboody Duncan AW, Maggi RG, Breitschwerdt EB. A combined approach
Serum total antibody for the enhanced detection and isolation of Bartonella species in
Aqueous humor or CSF total antiboddy dog blood samples: pre-enrichment liquid culture followed by
PCR and subculture onto agar plates. J Microbiol Methods.
2007;69:273.
A ratio greater than 1 suggests that the antibody in the Freisl M, et al. Faecal shedding of canine parvovirus after modified-
aqueous humor or CSF was produced locally. This formula live vaccination in healthy adult dogs. Vet J. 2017;219:15.
has been used extensively in the evaluation of cats with Hascall KL, et al. Prevalence of enteropathogens in dogs attending
uveitis. Approximately 60% of cats with uveitis in the United 3 regional dog parks in Northern California. J Vet Intern Med.
States have T. gondii–specific IgM, IgA, or IgG values greater 2016;30:1838.
than 1 (see Chapter 98). The technique was also used to help Hutton TA, et al. Search for Borrelia burgdorferi in kidneys of dogs
prove that FHV-1 and Bartonella henselae are causes of with suspected “Lyme nephritis,”. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22:860.
uveitis in cats (Powell et al., 2010). Lappin MR, et al. Use of serologic tests to predict resistance to feline
herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, and feline parvovirus infection
in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;220:38.
ANTEMORTEM DIAGNOSIS OF Lappin MR, et al. Antimicrobial use guidelines for treatment of
INFECTIOUS DISEASES respiratory tract disease in dogs and cats: Antimicrobial Guide-
lines Working Group of the International Society for Com-
panion Animal Infectious Diseases. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31:
As discussed, results of organism demonstration assays can 279.
be used to prove an infectious agent is still present in the Lappin MR. Update on the diagnosis and management of Toxo-
body, and results of antibody assays can be used to prove plasma gondii infection in cats. Top Companion Anim Med.
exposure to infectious agents. However, many of the infec- 2010;25:136.
tious agents of dogs and cats also colonize the host without Low HC, et al. Prevalence of feline herpesvirus 1, Chlamydophila
inducing illness. Thus the majority of assays discussed are felis, and Mycoplasma spp DNA in conjunctival cells col-
really “infectious agent tests” not “infectious disease tests.” lected from cats with and without conjunctivitis. Am J Vet Res.
The feline hemoplasmas are great examples of this; although 2007;68:643.
these agents can cause hemolytic anemia in cats and sensitive Markovich JE, et al. Effects of canine parvovirus strain variations
on diagnostic test results and clinical management of enteritis in
and specific PCR assays are available to amplify hemoplasma dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012;241:66.
DNA, approximately 20% of healthy cats are PCR-positive. Mekaru SR, et al. Comparison of direct immunofluorescence,
Thus a positive PCR assay result does not document clinical immunoassays, and fecal flotation for detection of Cryptospo-
hemoplasmosis but merely documents current infection. ridium spp. and Giardia spp. in naturally exposed cats in 4
The clinical diagnosis of an infectious disease usually includes Northern California animal shelters. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21:
the combination of the following: 959.
Powell CC, et al. Bartonella species, feline herpesvirus-1, and Toxo-
• Clinical signs referable to the agent plasma gondii PCR assay results from blood and aqueous humor
• Serologic evidence of exposure to the agent or evidence samples from 104 cats with naturally occurring endogenous
of infection by organism demonstration techniques uveitis. J Feline Med Surg. 2010;12:923.
• Exclusion of other causes of the clinical syndrome Rishniw M, et al. Comparison of four Giardia diagnostic tests in
diagnosis of naturally acquired canine chronic subclinical giar-
• Response to treatment
diasis. J Vet Intern Med. 2010;24:293.
Simpson KW, et al. Adherent and invasive Escherichia coli is associ-
However, some clinical illnesses resolve spontaneously ated with granulomatous colitis in boxer dogs. Infect Immun.
and some antibodies can have antiinflammatory properties; 2006;74:4778.
this combination of findings should only be considered a Veir JK, Lappin MR. Molecular diagnostic assays for infectious
tentative diagnosis rather than definitive diagnosis for an diseases in cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.
infectious disease. 2010;40:1189.