Page 577 - Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology, 6th Edition
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CHAPTER 25  Tumors of the Skeletal System  555


             Histologic grade, using a grading scheme that evaluates tumor    20.   Feeney DA, Johnston GR, Grindem CB, et al.: Malignant neopla-
           vascular invasion, pleomorphism, mitotic index, and tumor   sia of canine ribs; clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings,
                                                                     J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:927–933, 1982.
                                                  388
                                                     The overall
           matrix and cell necrosis, is prognostic for survival.
  VetBooks.ir  metastatic rate is 5% to 10%, and reported anatomic sites include    21.   Heyman SJ, Diefenderfer DL, Goldschmidt MH, et al.: Canine
                                                                     axial  skeletal  osteosarcoma.  A  retrospective  study  of  116  cases
           lung, kidney, liver, brain, and spleen. Cats with MCE have a
                                                                     (1986 to 1989), Vet Surg 21:304–310, 1992.
           guarded prognosis. Lesions may be removed surgically for pallia-   22.   Ru  G, Terracini  B, Glickman LT: Host related risk factors for
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           lesions are common. An effective treatment protocol is not known    23.   Cooley  DM, Beranek BC, Schlittler DL, et  al.: Endogenous
           for MCE in cats.                                          gonadal hormone exposure and bone sarcoma risk, Cancer Epide-
                                                                     miol Biomarkers Prev 11:1434–1440, 2002.
           Fibrosarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, and                      24.   Gamblin RM, Straw RC, Powers BE, et al.: Primary osteosarcoma
           Hemangiosarcoma                                           distal to the antebrachiocarpal and tarsocrural joints in nine dogs
                                                                     (1980-1992), J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:86–91, 1995.
           Non-OSA primary bone tumors in cats are rare. FSA is the second    25.   LaRue SM, Withrow SJ, Wrigley RH: Radiographic bone surveys
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           and then rarely HSA. 390  Little is known about the biologic behav-   26.   Bech-Nielsen S, Haskins ME, Reif JS, et al.: Frequency of osteosar-
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           low; however, metastasis have been reported in cats with primary    27.   Kuntz CA, Dernell WS, Powers BE, et al.: Extraskeletal osteosarco-
           bone CSA and HSA. 390,403                                 mas in dogs;14 cases, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:26–30, 1998.
                                                                  28.   Langenbach A, Anderson MA, Dambach DM, et al.: Extraskeletal
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