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Chapter 5 Anatomy and Physiology 75

Cells
Learning Exercise Simple squamous epithelium

Practice directional terms by finding pictures on
the internet of an animal standing, lying down,
and sitting. It can be a bit challenging when the
animal is not in a standing position!

Simple cuboidal epithelium
Body Systems

The body is made up of 11 systems: skeletal, muscular,
integumentary, nervous, cardiovascular, pulmonary
(respiratory), immune, digestive, urinary, reproductive,
and endocrine. But first a brief discussion about the Simple columnar epithelium
molecular level of the body. The body is composed of
cells that combine to make the larger structures. Cells
are made up of a nucleus to control the activity of the
cell. Cytoplasm encircles the nucleus and is made up of
fine fibers and organelles that take care of energy pro-
duction and waste elimination for the cell. The cell itself
is surrounded by a membrane or cell wall that protects
the integrity of the cell. Cells can be single entities like
blood cells that make up the body’s immune system,
which we will discuss later, or they combine to make up
the tissues in the body. There are four types of tissues
that make up the body structures. FIGURE 5.3 Epithelial cells. Adapted from Wikimedia Commons.

Learning Exercise Nervous tissue is made up of neurons that conduct
messages throughout the body.
For the following body systems find pictures of the Histology is the study of tissues. A veterinarian will
structures without labels and practice naming the take tissue samples and examine them under a micro-
parts. Make flash cards of the diseases on one scope to determine if the tissues are diseased. If unsure
side, the organ it affects and what the causative of the diagnosis, they may send these samples to a diag-
agent is for that disease. nostic laboratory for examination by veterinary patholo-
gists. These are veterinarians that have specialized in
finding the cause of diseases.
Epithelial tissues are composed of cells that line or As previously mentioned, the body is made up of 11
cover the body and its organs. There are three types: systems. Let’s look at each system individually.
squamous, cuboidal, and columnar (Figure 5.3). These
are further differentiated to accommodate the function
of the various organs, but that is beyond what you need Skeletal System
to know.
Connective tissue is made up of cells and a matrix that The skeletal system provides the framework, support,
provide structure to the body. There are two different and protection for the body and is made up of bones.
types of cells: fibroblasts (or fibrocytes) include cells that Bones are produced by cells called osteoclasts, the bone
make up bone, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, and blood; cell itself is called an osteocyte, and new bone cells are
adipocytes make up the adipose tissue also known as fat. produced by osteoblasts. Bones have an inner cavity
The matrix itself can be fluid, semi‐fluid, gelatinous, or called the endosteum that contains the bone marrow
ground substance, and protein fibers known as collagen. where blood cell production takes place. The outer cov-
Muscle tissue is made up of cells that are bound ering of bone is called the periosteum. All the bones
together in sheets and fibers. There are three types of combined make up the skeletal system. It is divided into
muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. two parts: the appendicular skeleton are the bones of the