Page 214 - Veterinary Laser Therapy in Small Animal Practice

APPENDIX B

Goniometry

The purpose of this section is to facilitate your evalu-

ation of the range of motion (ROM) of different joints
when you assess patients and their progression. It
describes anatomical landmarks, positioning of the
patient, and the angle that is being measured. You
can check the table at the end of Appendix B for

measurements of each angle, according to different 30–170°
sources.

The authors would like to thank Dr. S. Salgado
Sánchez DVM CCRP for her insight into this section
and her help with the pictures.

B1 Forelimb 20–170°

Bony landmarks

• Spine of the scapula.
• Humeral longitudinal axis: line from insertion of the
infraspinatus muscle on the greater tubercle, in the
proximal humerus, to lateral humeral epicondyle, in 20–200°
the distal humerus.
• Antebrachium longitudinal axis:
• Lateral view: lateral humeral epicondyle to crani-
ocaudal midpoint at the level of the ulnar styloid
process.
• Cranial view: line following medial aspect of the Figure B.1 Forelimb bony landmarks.
radius. Illustrator: Elaine Leggett.
• Metacarpus:
• Lateral view: longitudinal axis of metacarpals III Shoulder
and IV.

• Cranial view: between longitudinal axes of meta- Shoulder flexion/extension
carpals III and IV.
• Lateral recumbency.
• Humerus parallel to thoracic wall.

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