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Values Structures of Organizations Encountered in the coupling moves from “loose”
Criminal Justice Environment. to “tight,” the more formal the
Organizational Societal Ends Societal Organizational organizational structure, then the
Category (Goals) +/- Means +/- Type clearer the values of the organi­
zation are likely to be formally
Professional Groups + + Conventional stated. For “disorganized” social
Advocacy Groups + + Conventional movements, the relationship
(CBOs/FBOs) potential is likely to be low.
Research/Think-Tank + + Conventional • For “rebellious” and “criminal”
Groups organizations, the relationship
Social Movements + + Conventional between a CJ organization and
Social Movements - (+) + (-) Conventional/ an “innovative” organization is
likely to be oppositional.
(Ressentiment) Problematic
• The “ressentiment” social
Social Movements - - Problematic movements are of particular
(Rebellious) interest for CJ organizations.
Criminal + - Problematic Understanding the role that CJ
(“Innovative”) organizations can play in help­
ing to guide the emerging social
movement toward a conven­
The table shows the different defined as socially desired, but tional organizational role—rather
types of organizations subdivided utilize nonconventional means to than pushing it toward a more
in terms of their relationship to CJ achieve them, especially criminal rebellious or criminal organiza­
organizations. These include several behaviors. tional form—is important. Can
types of generally “conventional” relationships between formal CJ
organizations: Understanding NG Organizations agencies and emerging social
• Professional organizations. CJ leaders must adapt to a movements change the trajec­
Examples include the various rapidly changing organizational tory of those emerging move­
accrediting, training, and profes­ environment in order to achieve ment organizations, and possibly
sional membership organizations the outcomes expected of their lead to innovation within the CJ
(e.g., IACP, ACA, ABA, AJA). organization. Learning about the organization?
• Advocacy and research organi- value structures of the various NG Far too little attention is paid
zations. We include the range organizations is one tool for making to the IORs between and among
of NG research organizations, interorganizational relationships formal CJ agencies and the broad
policy research institutes, and (IORs) easier to manage. range of NG organizations with
client­oriented organizations • For conventional NG organi- which they must interact. We offer
(e.g., RAND, Urban Institute, zations, this can be achieved this scheme as an attempt to utilize
Vera Institute). through the analysis of social an existing criminological theory
Among “problematic” groups, artifacts such as creeds, mission to help guide practitioners and
we list those whose relationships to and values statements, strategic researchers in the development of
“conventional” values and means plans, and annual report docu­ a more evidence­based approach
are unclear or oppositional: ments. This is addressed later in to developing IORs. By using the
• Social movement organizations. the article. tools of organizational analysis,
CJ organizations may enhance the
We attempt to classify social • For social movement organiza- operations of conventional NG
movement organizations by their tions, the level of organization organizations in the pursuit of a just
adoption or rejection of “conven­ is the first factor in determining society. Likewise, CJ organizations
tional” social goals and adoption how a CJ organization might may use organizational analyses to
of the means to achieve them. best interact with the move­ better blunt the operational capaci­
Contemporary examples include ment. The degree of “coupling” ties of, and harms perpetrated by,
movements such as Occupy and among organizational mem­ oppositional NG organizations, as
Black Lives Matter. bers and activities can assist in well as collateral damages associ­
• Criminal organizations. This dealing with the organization. ated with law enforcement.
“Coupling” refers to the for­
category includes “innovators” mality of the relationships. As
whose members pursue goals

46 | SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2021 AMERICANJails