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‫ع‪ ‬الت‪ Symbiotic relationships ‬ﺗﺴـﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﻴـﺎﺓ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪ í‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪1-10‬ﺗﻜ ﹼﻮﻥﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴـﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜ ﹼﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮ￯‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ ﹰﻌﺎ ﺍﻷﺷﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻳﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻣ ﹰﻌﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﻞ ‪.symbiosis‬‬ ‫ا�سر‪ ‬ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻳﺾ؟‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﻞ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻳﺾ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻔﻞ‪.‬‬

‫الت‪‬ي‪ mutualism ‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻳﻌﻴﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣ ﹰﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺴـﺘﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻳـﺾ ‪ .mutualism‬ﻭﺗﻌـﺪ ﺍﻷﺷـﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ ،1-10‬ﻣﺜـﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋﻼﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻳـﺾ ﺑﻴـﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟـﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﻓـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷـﺠﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﻃﻨﹰﺎ ﻟﻸﺷـﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﺰ ﹼﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﻃﻦ‪ .‬ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎ ﹰﻃﺎ ﻭﺛﻴ ﹰﻘﺎ‬

‫ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻴﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺄﻭ￯‪.‬‬

‫التع‪‬ي‪ commensalism ‬ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ ،1-10‬ﺗﺴـﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺷـﻨﺎﺕ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺸـﺠﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻌ ﹼﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴـﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫‪ commensalism‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻳﺴـﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻀﺮﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌ ﹼﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴـﻤﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺮﺟﺔ ﻭﺷﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻤﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺮﺟﺔ ‪ Clown fish‬ﺳـﻤﻜﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴـﺒﺢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﻣﺲ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻌﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺸﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﺫ￯‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪1-1‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬

‫‪0.20 ‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻫـﻞ ﺗﺆﺛـﺮ ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺍﳊـﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻌـﺪﻻﺕ ﻧﻤـﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻌﻴـﺎﺕ؟ ﺩﺭﺱ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜـﻮﻥ ﺃﺛـﺮ ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺍﳊـﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻌـﺪﻝ ﻧﻤـﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻌﻴـﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻓﱰﺿﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﻫﺎ‪0.15 .‬‬

‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬

‫ﻳﺒـﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳـﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﲏ ﺃﺛـﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊـﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻧﻤـﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﺒﻴﺪﻳﻮﻡ ‪0.10‬‬
‫‪ Colpidium‬ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ ‪.Paramecium‬‬

‫‪0.05‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺪ‬

‫‪0.00 22 26 30‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬س‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﰲ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﳉﲈﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪°C‬‬ ‫‪ّ  .2‬و‪ ‬ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬

‫‪Jiang L, and Kulczycki, A. 2004. Competition, predation, and species responses to environmental change. Oikos 106: 217 – 224‬‬

‫ﻣﺩﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪20‬‬
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