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‫الغ‪‬ب‪‬ة ال‪‬ستوا‪‬ي‪‬ة الم‪‬ي‪‬ر‪ Tropical rain forest ‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴـﺰ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑـﺔ‬ ‫‪ í‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 2-16‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﲑﺓ‬
‫معد‪ ‬ال‪‬و‪ 200-1000 cm ‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻴﺮﺓ ‪ tropical rain forest‬ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫مد‪ ‬درج‪ ‬ا‪‬رار‪ 24 ˚C ‬ﺇﱃ ‪.27 ˚C‬‬
‫ﻛﺒﻴـﺮﺓ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ .2-16‬ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳـﻴﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫الأ‪‬وا‪ ‬النب‪‬ية‪ ‬ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﴬﺓ ﻋﺮﻳﻀﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﺳـﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ ﺗﻨﻮ ﹰﻋﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﻴﺰﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻏﺼﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺰﺍﺯﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﺧﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﻄﺎ ﹰﺀ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑ ﹰﻄﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫الأ‪‬وا‪ ‬ا‪‬يوا‪‬ية‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻐﺎﱄ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺷـﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸـﺠﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺧﺴـﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﻔﺎﺵ‪ ،‬ﻃﻴـﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻗﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺴـﻼﻥ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺣﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻘ ﹰﺔ ﺃﺧﺮ￯ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﺮﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ا‪‬و‪ ‬ا‪‬غ‪‬را‪ ‬ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻄﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ ا ﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺁﺳـﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏـﺮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨـﻮﺏ ﻭﺷـﲈﻝ ﴍﻕ‬

‫‪Other Terrestrial Areas‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫العوام‪ ‬ال‪‬يوي‪‬ة‪ ‬ﺭﻃﺒـﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﺎﺑﺴـﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻳﺴـﺘﺜﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﺎﻃﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺴـﺠﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃـﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻷﻥ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻳ ﹰﻀﺎ ﻻ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻌ ﹼﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻴﺌﻴ ﹰﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴ ﹰﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺘﻞ ﺟﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺘ ﹰﻼ ﻳﺎﺑﺴ ﹰﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴ ﹰﺔ؛ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ا‪‬لخ�س‪ ‬ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ال‪‬ب‪ Mountains ‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺴﻠﻘﺖ ﺟﺒ ﹰﻼ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺿﺖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴـﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﺧﱰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹰﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺛﻨﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﺘـﺐ ﲨﻠﺘـﲔ ﺗﻠﺨﺼـﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻄﻞ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴـﻤﺢ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌـﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﻮﻳـﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺒـﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ 2-17‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﲈ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳـﺔ ﺗﺘﻐ ﹼﻴـﺮ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺪ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻗﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌـﺔ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺪﺭﺍ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ í‬ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ 2-17‬ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻳﺘﻐﲑ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨـﺎﺥ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﺍﳉﺒﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬س‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﺩﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪56‬‬
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