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‫ا ﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪2 -3‬‬
‫‪Aquatic Ecosystems‬‬
‫ا ﻫﺪاف‬
‫‪  ‬يعتمد ‪�‬سني‪ ‬ا أل‪‬مة البيئية الم‪‬ية عل‪ ‬العوام‪ ‬ال‪‬يوية‪ ‬ومن‪‬‬
‫‪‬د‪ ‬الم‪‬ء وعم‪ ‬البعد ع‪ ‬ال‪‬س‪ ‬الملو‪‬ة‪ ‬دوا‪‬ر العر‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬دد ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـﺔ ﺍﳌﺤ ﱢﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫الرب‪ ‬م‪ ‬وا‪ ‬الحي‪ ‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ) ﺃﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ( ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺳﻜﻨﻚ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺻﻔﺎﺗـﻪ؟ ﻭﻛﻢ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻤﻘـﻪ؟ ﻭﻫﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣـﺎﺀ ﻋﺬﺏ ﺃﻡ ﻣﺎﻟﺢ؟ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺷـﻜﻠﺖ‬ ‫‪ ‬ي‪ ‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﻌﻤﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺪﻓﻘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺭﻛﻴﺰ ﹰﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴ ﹰﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬تع‪‬رف ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴـﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ا رض ‪The Water on Earth‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﺗﻔﻜـﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺑﺬﺍﻛﺮﺗﻚ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫‪ ‬ر‪ ‬ﺑﲔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﻚ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺮﺑﻤﺎ ﺳـﻤﻌﺖ ﺃﻳ ﹰﻀﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺟﺴـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻛﺒﻴـﺮﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻬـﺮ ﺍﻷﻣـﺎﺯﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﻤـﺮ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻜـﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺮدات‬
‫ﺯﺭﻗـﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻐ ﹰﹼﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴـﻢ ﺳـﺘﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﺭﺱ‬ ‫ا‪‬لو‪‬ة‪ ‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺮدات اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬

‫ا ﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻃﺊ‬
‫‪Freshwater Ecosystems‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻀﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻟﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺪ ﻣﻜـ ﹼﻦ ﺍﻟﻠـﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴـﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴـﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬـﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺍﴈ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻓـﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃـﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﺎ ﹴﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸـﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ‪ 2.5 %‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﹰﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺤﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺴـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ .2-19‬ﻭﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﻳﻤﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ )‪ ( 2.5%‬ﺗﻘﺴـﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺪ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺭ‬
‫‪ 68.9 %‬ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪﻳـﺔ )ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪﻳﺎﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ 30.8 %‬ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪0.3 %‬‬
‫ﻓﻘـﻂ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠـﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻈﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ‪ 0.3%‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺤﻴﻂ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻠﺠﺔ‬

‫‪97.5% ‬‬ ‫‪68.9% ‬‬ ‫‪ í‬ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ 2-19‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ ﻣﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻜـﺮﺓ‬
‫‪2.5% ‬‬ ‫‪30.8% ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﳊـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﺰﻭﺩﻧﺎ‬
‫‪0.3% ‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﺩﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪58‬‬
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